Categories

 vivo X Fold Smartphone

Comments

Display Technology

Interior Foldable Flexible OLED Display with Diamond Pixels

8.0 inch Diagonal  /  20.4 cm Diagonal

Excluding the Rounded Corners

Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode

Diamond Pixels with Diagonal Sub-Pixel Symmetry.

Screen Aspect Ratio

10.15 : 9 = 1.13

Close to a Square Aspect Ratio

Most Smartphones and Widescreen TVs have 16 : 9 = 1.78

Height to Width Aspect Ratio

The X Fold display screen is 58% wider than

most Smartphones and widescreen 16:9 TV content.

Screen Size

       5.32  x   6.00 inches

13.52  x 15.24 cm

Display Width and Height in inches and cm.

 Screen Area

31.9 square inches  /  206 square cm

After Subtracting the Camera Opening but not the Rounded Corners

A better measure of size than the Diagonal.

Front Camera Opening Size

Front Camera Opening has less than 0.1 percent of the Screen Area

Diameter is 0.20 inches  /  5.1 mm

Front Camera Opening is by the Top Right

of the Screen.

Supported Color Gamuts

    Standard mode  –  Color Management with Bluer White Point

                Bright mode  –  Native OLED Color Gamut with Higher Contrast

                    Professional mode  –  sRGB and DCI-P3 Standard Color Gamuts

Automatic Color Management for Content with ICC Color Profiles

The X Fold supports 2 Standard Color Gamuts:

sRGB and the new wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut that

is used in 4K Ultra HD TV content.

Display Refresh Rates

Display Refresh Frames Per Second FPS

Normal FPS: 60 Hz Refresh

High FPS: 120 Hz Refresh for Smoother Scrolling and Motion

Higher Refresh Rates improve image Scrolling

plus Video and Motion Performance in Apps,

and may reduce Screen Flicker that some

people experience.

Display Resolution

2160 x 1916 pixels

 2K+  or  Double FHD

Screen Pixel Resolution

Full HD is 1080 x 1920.

Total Number of Pixels

4.1 Mega Pixels

Total Number of Display Pixels.

Pixels Per Inch  PPI

360 PPI with Diamond Pixels

Excellent

Sharpness depends on the viewing distance and PPI.

See this on the visual acuity for a true Retina Display

Sub-Pixels Per Inch  SPPI

    Red  255 SPPI

 Green  360 SPPI

   Blue  255 SPPI

Diamond Pixel displays have only half the number of

Red and Blue Sub-Pixels as RGB Stripe displays.

At High PPI this is generally not visible due to

the use of Sub-Pixel Rendering.

Total Number of Sub-Pixels

   Red  2.1 Million Sub-Pixels

Green  4.1 Million Sub-Pixels

  Blue  2.1 Million Sub-Pixels

Diamond Pixel displays have only half the number of

Red and Blue Sub-Pixels as RGB Stripe displays.

At High PPI this is generally not visible due to

the use of Sub-Pixel Rendering.

20/20 Vision Distance

where Pixels or Sub-Pixels

are Not Resolved

           9.5 inches / 24.3 cm  for White and Green Sub-Pixels with 20/20 Vision

    13.5 inches / 34.3 cm  for Red and Blue Sub-Pixels with 20/20 Vision

For 20/20 Vision the minimum Viewing Distance

where the screen appears perfectly sharp to the eye.

At 10 inches from the screen 20/20 Vision is 344 PPI.

Display Sharpness

at Typical Viewing Distances

vivo X Fold Display appears Perfectly Sharp

Pixels are not Resolved with 20/20 Vision

at Typical Viewing Distances of

     13 to 18 inches

33 to 46 cm

The Typical Viewing Distances for this screen size

are in the range of 13 to 18 inches or 25 to 46 cm.

Also note that eye’s resolution is much lower for

Red and Blue color content than White and Green.

Appears Perfectly Sharp

at Typical Viewing Distances

 Yes

Typical Viewing Distances are 10 to 18 inches

or 25 to 46 cm for this screen size.

Overall Display Performance Assessments

This section summarizes the results for all of the extensive Lab Measurements and Viewing Tests performed on the display.

See  Screen Reflections,  Brightness and Contrast,  Colors and Intensities,  Absolute Color Accuracy,

Foldable Display,  Viewing Angles,  OLED Spectra

The X Fold has Automatic Color Management that switches to the appropriate Color Gamut for Content with ICC Color Profiles.

Here we provide results for the Standard mode, which has an Intentionally Bluish White Point and Higher Image Contrast,

the Professional DCI-P3 mode, which is calibrated for the new DCI-P3 Gamut that is used in 4K Ultra HD TVs,

and the Professional sRGB mode, which is calibrated for the sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut that is used for most current

consumer photo, video, web, and computer content.

Categories

Standard mode

Color Management

Professional mode

DCI-P3 Content

Professional mode

sRGB Content

Comments

Viewing Tests

in Subdued Ambient Lighting

Very Good Images

Photos and Videos

have a Bluish White Point

and Higher Contrast

Intentionally Bluish Mode

Excellent Images

Photos and Videos

have Excellent Color

and Accurate Contrast

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

Excellent Images

Photos and Videos

have Excellent Color

and Accurate Contrast

Accurate sRGB Content

The Viewing Tests examine the accuracy of

photographic images by comparing the displays

to a calibrated studio monitor and TV.

Foldable Display

Screen Uniformity

See Foldable Display

Excellent Foldable Display Screen Uniformity

No Screen Image irregularities in either Brightness or Color

were Measured or Visually Noticeable in the Fold Area.

The Fold in the Display between the Left and Right

Panels should Not be Visually Noticeable when

the Full Screen is being viewed.

See Foldable Display

Variation with Viewing Angle

Colors and Brightness

See Viewing Angles

Color Shifts

Small to Medium

with Viewing Angle

Small Brightness Shifts

with Viewing Angle

Color Shifts

Small to Medium

with Viewing Angle

Small Brightness Shifts

with Viewing Angle

Color Shifts

Small to Medium

with Viewing Angle

Small Brightness Shifts

with Viewing Angle

The X Fold display has a relatively small

decrease in Brightness with Viewing Angle and

Small to Medium Color Shifts with Viewing Angle.

See the Viewing Angles section for details.

Overall Display Assessment

Lab Tests and Measurements

Excellent OLED Display

Intentionally Bluish Mode

Excellent OLED Display

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

Excellent OLED Display

Accurate sRGB Content

The X Fold OLED Display performed

very well in the Lab Tests and Measurements.

Absolute Color Accuracy

Measured over Entire Gamut

See Figure 2 and Colors

 Good Color Accuracy

Intentionally Bluish Mode

Excellent Color Accuracy

Color Errors are Very Small

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

Excellent Color Accuracy

Color Errors are Very Small

Accurate sRGB Content

Absolute Color Accuracy is measured with a

Spectroradiometer for 41 Reference Colors

uniformly distributed within the entire Color Gamut.

See Figure 2 and Colors for details.

Image Contrast Accuracy

See Figure 3 and Contrast

Very Good Accuracy

Image Contrast

Intentionally Higher

Excellent Accuracy

Image Contrast

Very Accurate

Excellent Accuracy

Image Contrast

Very Accurate

The Image Contrast Accuracy is determined by

measuring the Log Intensity Scale and Gamma.

See Figure 3 and Contrast for details.

Performance in Ambient Light

Display Brightness

Screen Reflectance

Contrast Rating

See Brightness and Contrast

See Screen Reflections

High Display Brightness

Very Low Reflectance

High Contrast Rating

for Ambient Light

Higher Brightness with

Auto Brightness On

High Display Brightness

Very Low Reflectance

High Contrast Rating

for Ambient Light

Higher Brightness with

Auto Brightness On

High Display Brightness

Very Low Reflectance

High Contrast Rating

for Ambient Light

Higher Brightness with

Auto Brightness On

Smartphones are seldom used in the dark.

Screen Brightness and Reflectance determine

the Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light.

See the Brightness and Contrast section for details.

See the Screen Reflections section for details.

Overall Display Calibration

Image and Picture Quality

Lab Tests and Viewing Tests

Intentionally Bluish Mode

Higher Image Contrast

Excellent Calibration

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

Excellent Calibration

Accurate sRGB Content

The X Fold display has sRGB and DCI-P3 modes

that deliver accurately calibrated colors and images

and a Standard mode that is preferred by

some users and for some applications.

Overall Display Grade

Overall Assessment

Overall vivo X Fold Display Grade is Excellent A+

DisplayMate Best Smartphone Display Award

with 19 Smartphone Display Performance Records

including 10 that are Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect

An Excellent Top Tier World Class Smartphone Display

The vivo X Fold display delivers Excellent

Image Quality, has both Professional sRGB and

Professional DCI-P3 modes and a Standard mode

with Color Management, has High Screen Brightness

and low Reflectance, has good Viewing Angles, and

is an all around Top Performing Smartphone Display.

Default Color Mode

Also Best for Viewing in

High Ambient Light

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

For Viewing 4K UHD TV

DCI-P3 Cinema Content

Accurate sRGB mode

For Viewing Most Content

Photo Video Movie Web

Categories

Standard mode

Color Management

Professional mode

DCI-P3 Content

Professional mode

sRGB Content

Comments

vivo X Fold Conclusions:   A Record Setting Impressive Smartphone Display…

The primary goal of this Display Technology Shoot-Out article series has always been to publicize and promote display excellence so that consumers, journalists, reviewers, and even manufacturers are aware of and appreciate the very best in displays and display technology. We point out which manufacturers and display technologies are leading and advancing the state-of-the-art for displays by performing comprehensive and objective scientific Lab Tests and Measurements together with in-depth analysis. We point out who is leading, who is behind, who is improving, and sometimes (unfortunately) who is back pedaling.

All of the DisplayMate Display Performance Grades, Ratings and Awards are based entirely on the extensive objective Lab tests and measurements that we also publish, so that everyone can judge and compare the display performance data for themselves as well.

With consumers now spending rapidly increasing amounts of time watching content on their Smartphones, the shift in emphasis from primarily improving Display Hardware Performance to enhancing the overall Display Picture Quality and Color Accuracy is an important step that DisplayMate Technologies has been pushing for many years in our Display Technology Shoot-Out article series, so it is great to see manufactures improving and then competing on these DisplayMate Lab Measurement Objective Display Performance Metrics.

The vivo X Fold sets or matches 19 Smartphone Display Performance Records for:

Numerical Display Performance Differences that are Visually Indistinguishable are considered Matched and Tied Performance Records.

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference and APL is the Average Picture Level for on-screen Image Content.

· Smallest  Maximum Color Shift in the Fold Area from the Main Screen  (0.5 JNCD)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Smallest  Maximum Luminance Shift in the Fold Area from the Main Screen  (1.4%)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Highest    Color Accuracy of White  (0.4 JNCD for sRGB and 0.4 JNCD for DCI-P3)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Highest    Absolute Color Accuracy  (0.6 JNCD for sRGB and 0.6 JNCD for DCI-P3)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Smallest  Maximum Color Error  (1.4 JNCD for sRGB and 1.3 JNCD for DCI-P3)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Smallest  Shift in Color Accuracy with APL  (0.3 JNCD for sRGB and 0.2 JNCD for DCI-P3)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Smallest  Maximum Color Shift with APL  (0.6 JNCD for sRGB and 0.6 JNCD for DCI-P3)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Highest    Image Contrast Accuracy and Intensity Scale Accuracy  (2.22 Gamma)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Smallest  Shift in Image Contrast and Intensity Scale with APL  (0.01 Gamma)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Smallest  Change in Peak Luminance with APL  (2 percent)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

· Highest    Full Screen Brightness for OLED Smartphones  (807 nits at 100% APL).

· Highest    Peak Display Brightness  (1,092 nits for Low APL).

· Largest    Native Color Gamut  (142% sRGB and 113% DCI-P3 for the Bright Color Mode).

· Highest    Contrast Ratio  (Infinite).

· Lowest     Screen Reflectance  (0.91 percent).

· Largest    Color Gamut in 1,000 lux Ambient Light  (96% for sRGB and 96% for DCI-P3).

· Highest    Contrast Rating in Ambient Light  (887 for 100% APL and 1,200 for Peak Brightness).

· Smallest  Brightness Variation with Viewing Angle  (25 percent at 30 degrees).

· Smallest  Color Variation of White with Viewing Angle  (2.0 JNCD at 30 degrees).

The vivo X Fold earns our Highest A+ Display Performance Assessment Rating

OLED has evolved into a highly refined and mature display technology that produces the best and highest performance displays for Smartphones.

OLED Display Performance continues to provide major Record Setting improvements with every new generation.

vivo has concentrated on significantly raising the on-screen Absolute Picture Quality and Absolute Color Accuracy of the OLED display by implementing Precision Factory Display Calibration, moving the overall X Fold Display Performance up to Record Setting Outstanding Levels with close to Text Book Perfect Calibration Accuracy that is Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

DisplayMate Display Performance Ratings:

All of the Results in this article are based Entirely on our Objective and Extensive DisplayMate Lab Tests and Measurements that are all listed in the sections below.

· To get a DisplayMate A Display Performance Rating the display must get All Green [Very Good to Excellent] Ratings for All of the Display Tests and Measurements [except for Color Shifts at 30 degrees Viewing Angle, which are deemed less important].

· Then to get a DisplayMate A+ Display Performance Rating the Average Absolute Color Accuracy and the Average Absolute Color Accuracy Shifts with Average Picture Level APL must All be less than 1.0 JNCD, and the Largest Color Errors must All be less than 3.0 JNCD.

The vivo X Fold delivers Uniformly Consistent Top Tier Display Performance and receives All Green [Very Good to Excellent] Ratings in All DisplayMate Lab Test Display Performance and Accuracy Categories and has Absolute Color Accuracy much better than 1.0 JNCD.

The vivo X Fold display meets all of the criteria and requirements for a DisplayMate A+ Grade, earning DisplayMate’s Highest Overall Display Assessment Rating and Highest Display Performance Grade of A+.

DisplayMate Display Performance Rating and Best Smartphone Display Award

· Based on our extensive Lab Tests and Measurements the vivo X Fold has a Very Impressive Excellent Top Tier World Class Foldable Smartphone Display with close to Text Book Perfect Calibration Accuracy and Performance that is Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect. Based on our objective Lab Tests and Measurements the vivo X Fold receives a DisplayMate Best Smartphone Display Award earning DisplayMate’s highest ever Display Performance Grade of A+ and setting or matching 19 Smartphone Display Performance Records including 10 that are Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect that are listed above.

· The vivo X Fold has an Excellent Foldable Display Screen. No Image irregularities in either Brightness or Color were Measured or Visually Noticeable in the Fold Area. In addition, the very low 0.91 percent Screen Reflectance is a factor of 5 times smaller than most Smartphones, which provides a tremendous improvement in Display Performance in Ambient Light, including significantly higher Color Accuracy and Image Contrast Accuracy in Ambient Light.

The vivo X Fold joins the very select Top Tier of Smartphone Displays which all provide Close to Text Book Perfect Calibration Accuracy and Performance that is Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect, so they all received and maintain Concurrent DisplayMate Best Smartphone Display Awards. All are Excellent State-of-the-Art Displays, each is better in some Display Performance Categories, but None are Best in All the Display Performance Categories. Note that measured numerical display performance differences that are Visually Indistinguishable are equivalent.

As Display Performance continues to improve we have and will continue to raise the Performance Levels necessary to receive a DisplayMate Best Smartphone Display Award and an A+ Display Rating, so The Top Tier of Smartphone Displays will continue to evolve and change with each new display generation, but only the Very Best Displays will continue to receive A+ Ratings each year.

Screen Reflections

All display screens are mirrors good enough to use for personal grooming – but that is actually a very bad feature…

We measured the light reflected from all directions and also direct mirror (specular) reflections, which are much more

distracting and cause more eye strain. Many Smartphones still have greater than 10 percent reflections that make

the screen much harder to read even in moderate ambient light levels, requiring ever higher brightness settings that

waste precious battery power. Manufacturers should reduce the mirror reflections with anti-reflection coatings and

matte or haze surface finishes.

Our Lab Measurements include Average Reflectance for Ambient Light from All Directions and for Mirror Reflections.

We use an Integrating Hemisphere and a highly collimated pencil light beam together with a Spectroradiometer.

Note that the Screen Reflectance is exactly the same for all of the X Fold Color Modes.

Interior Foldable Displays can have a High Performance Anti-Reflection Layer on the Screen that significantly reduces

the Screen Reflectance and improves the Display’s Screen Visibility and Image Contrast in Ambient Light.

The X Fold has the lowest Screen Reflectance level that we have measured for a production Foldable Smartphone.

The 0.91 percent Reflectance is a factor of 5 times lower than most Smartphone Displays, which have around 4.5 percent Reflectance.

As a result, Ambient Light Reflections off the Screen are then reduced by a factor of 5 compared to most Smartphones.

This provides a tremendous improvement in Display Performance in Ambient Light, including significantly higher

Color Accuracy and Image Contrast Accuracy in Ambient Light, which we measure and illustrate below. See Figure 1

These results are extremely important for Screen Readability, Picture Quality, and Color Accuracy in Ambient Light.

Categories

 vivo X Fold

Comments

Average Screen Reflection

Light From All Directions

0.91 percent

for Ambient Light Reflections

Excellent

Measured using an Integrating Hemisphere and

a Spectroradiometer.

The lowest value we have measured

for a Foldable Smartphone is 0.91 percent.

Mirror Reflections

Percentage of Light Reflected

 1.4 percent

for Mirror Reflections

Excellent

These are the most annoying types of Reflections.

Measured using a Spectroradiometer and a narrow

collimated pencil beam of light reflected off the screen.

The lowest value we have measured

for a Foldable Smartphone is 1.4 percent.

Brightness and Contrast

The Contrast Ratio is the specification that gets the most attention, but it only applies for low ambient light, which is seldom

the case for mobile displays.

Much more important is the Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light, which indicates how easy it is to read the screen under

high ambient lighting and depends on both the Maximum Brightness and the Screen Reflectance. The larger the better.

The display’s actual on-screen Contrast Ratio changes with the Ambient Light lux level and is proportional to the Contrast Rating.

Categories

Standard mode

Color Management

Professional mode

DCI-P3 Content

Professional mode

sRGB Content

Comments

Home Screen Peak Brightness

Measured for White

Brightness 562 cd/m²

Excellent

Brightness 492 cd/m²

Very Good

Brightness 492 cd/m²

Very Good

The Peak Brightness for White on the Home Screen.

Measured Average Brightness

50% Average Picture Level

Brightness 551 cd/m²

Excellent

Brightness 496 cd/m²

Very Good

Brightness 496 cd/m²

Very Good

This is the Brightness for typical screen content

that has a 50% Average Picture Level.

Measured Full Brightness

100% Full Screen White

Brightness 504 cd/m²

Excellent

Brightness 494 cd/m²

Very Good

Brightness 495 cd/m²

Very Good

This is the Brightness for a screen that is entirely

all white with 100% Average Picture Level.

Measured Peak Brightness

1% Average Picture Level

Brightness 628 cd/m²

Excellent

Brightness 502 cd/m²

Excellent

Brightness 503 cd/m²

Excellent

This is the Peak Brightness for a screen that

has only a tiny 1% Average Picture Level.

Dynamic Brightness

Change in Luminance with

Average Picture Level APL

20 percent Decrease

Intentionally Large

2 percent Decrease

Excellent

2 percent Decrease

Excellent

This is the percent Brightness decrease with APL

Average Picture Level. Ideally should be 0 percent.

Higher values may improve Contrast in Ambient Light.

Low Ambient Light

Lowest Peak Brightness

Super Dimming Mode

Brightness Slider to Minimum

2 cd/m²

For Very Low Light

2 cd/m²

For Very Low Light

2 cd/m²

For Very Low Light

This is the Lowest Brightness with the Slider set to

Minimum. This is useful for working in very dark

environments. Picture Quality remains Excellent.

Black Brightness at 0 lux

at Maximum Brightness Setting

0 cd/m²

Outstanding

0 cd/m²

Outstanding

0 cd/m²

Outstanding

Black Brightness is important for Low Ambient Light,

which is seldom the case for mobile devices.

Contrast Ratio at 0 lux

Relevant for Low Ambient Light

Infinite

Outstanding

Infinite

Outstanding

Infinite

Outstanding

Only relevant for Low Ambient Light,

which is seldom the case for mobile devices.

Always On Display Mode

White Luminance

Dim         2 cd/m²

Bright    26 cd/m²

Dim         1 cd/m²

Bright    26 cd/m²

Dim         1 cd/m²

Bright    26 cd/m² 

Displayed image content when the Smartphone

is in Standby Mode.

High Brightness Mode

Automatic Brightness in High Ambient Light

Measured High Brightness Mode

50% Average Picture Level

High Brightness Mode

912 cd/m²

Excellent

High Brightness Mode

789 cd/m²

Excellent

High Brightness Mode

790 cd/m²

Excellent

This is the Brightness for typical screen content

that has a 50% Average Picture Level.

Measured High Brightness Mode

100% Full screen White

High Brightness Mode

807 cd/m²

Excellent

High Brightness Mode

792 cd/m²

Excellent

High Brightness Mode

792 cd/m²

Excellent

This is the Brightness for a screen that is entirely

all white with 100% Average Picture Level.

Measured High Brightness Mode

1% Average Picture Level

High Brightness Mode

1,092 cd/m²

Excellent

High Brightness Mode

793 cd/m²

Excellent

High Brightness Mode

793 cd/m²

Excellent

This is the Peak Brightness for a screen that

has only a small 1% Average Picture Level.

Dynamic Brightness

Change in Luminance with

Average Picture Level APL

26 percent Decrease

Intentionally Large

1 percent Decrease

Excellent

1 percent Decrease

Excellent

This is the percent Brightness decrease with APL

Average Picture Level. Ideally should be 0 percent.

Higher values may improve Contrast in Ambient Light.

High Ambient Light Contrast Rating

Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

The Higher the Better

for Screen Readability

in High Ambient Light

554 – 690

With Manual Brightness

Very Good

887 – 1,200

High Brightness Mode

Excellent

543 – 552

With Manual Brightness

Excellent

867 – 871

High Brightness Mode

Excellent

544 – 553

With Manual Brightness

Excellent

868 – 871

High Brightness Mode

Excellent

Depends on the Screen Reflectance and Brightness.

Defined as Maximum Brightness / Average Reflectance.

The display’s actual on-screen Contrast Ratio

changes with the Ambient Light lux level and

is proportional to the Contrast Rating.

Screen Readability

in High Ambient Light

Excellent  A+

With Manual Brightness

Excellent  A+

With Auto Brightness On

Excellent  A+

With Manual Brightness

Excellent  A+

With Auto Brightness On

Excellent A+

With Manual Brightness

Excellent  A+

With Auto Brightness On

Indicates how easy it is to read the screen

under High Ambient Lighting. Depends on

both the Screen Reflectance and Brightness.

See High Ambient Light Screen Shots

Colors and Intensities

The Color Gamut, Intensity Scale, and White Point determine the quality and accuracy of all displayed images and all

the image colors. Bigger is definitely Not Better because the display needs to match all the Standards that were used

when the content was produced.

The X Fold has Automatic Color Management that switches to the appropriate Color Gamut for Content with ICC Color Profiles.

The X Fold also has a Bright Color mode with the Native Color Gamut of the OLED Display,

which is 113% of the DCI-P3 Gamut and 142% of the sRGB Gamut. The White Point is 7,230 K.

Categories

Standard mode

Color Management

Professional mode

DCI-P3 Content

Professional mode

sRGB Content

Comments

Color of White

Color Temperature in degrees

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

The White Point is Adjustable

with the Eye Protection Mode

Interactive Slider Button

6,990 K

1.7 JNCD from D65 White

Bluish White Point

Intentionally Bluish Mode

See Figure 1

6,390 K

0.4 JNCD from D65 White

Very Close to Standard

Excellent

Accurate White Point

See Figure 1

6,390 K

0.4 JNCD from D65 White

Very Close to Standard

Excellent

Accurate White Point

See Figure 1

D65 with 6,500 K is the standard color of White

for most Consumer Content and needed for

accurate color reproduction of all images.

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

White Point accuracy is more critical than other colors.

See Figure 1 for the plotted White Points.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD

Color Gamut

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

See Figure 1

102 percent

DCI-P3 Cinema Gamut

Very Close to Standard

102 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut

Very Close to Standard

See Figure 1

100 percent

DCI-P3 Cinema Gamut

Very Close to Standard

Excellent

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

See Figure 1

100 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut

Very Close to Standard

Excellent

Accurate sRGB Content

See Figure 1

Most current consumer content uses sRGB / Rec.709.

The new 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema use DCI-P3.

A Wide Color Gamut is useful in High Ambient Light

and for some applications. It can be used with Color

Management to dynamically change the Gamut.

See Figure 1

Color Gamut in Ambient Light

Measured at 1,000 lux

Display Brightness set at Maximum

1,000 lux corresponds to

very bright indoor lighting or

outdoor daylight with an

overcast sky.

at 1,000 lux

99 percent

DCI-P3 Cinema Gamut

100 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut

Excellent

See Figure 1

at 1,000 lux

96 percent

DCI-P3 Cinema Gamut

Excellent

See Figure 1

at 1,000 lux

96 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut

Excellent

See Figure 1

The visible on-screen Color Gamut decreases

as the Ambient Light level increases.

The Ambient Light level is measured in lux.

The Gamut Depends on both the Display Brightness

and the Screen Reflectance.

See Figure 1

Absolute Color Accuracy

Absolute Color Accuracy

Average Color Error at 0 lux

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2

Average Color Error

From sRGB / Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0062

1.6 JNCD

Average Color Error

From DCI-P3

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0061

1.5 JNCD

Intentionally Bluish Mode

Average Color Error

From DCI-P3

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0022

0.6 JNCD

Excellent Accuracy

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

See Figure 2

 Average Color Error

From sRGB / Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0023

 0.6 JNCD

Excellent Accuracy

Accurate sRGB Content

See Figure 2

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD and for the

Accuracy Plots showing the measured Color Errors.

Color Errors below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent.

Color Errors below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Errors 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Errors above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

Absolute Color Accuracy

Maximum Color Error at 0 lux

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2

Largest Color Error

From sRGB / Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0098

2.5 JNCD

for 100% Magenta-Red

Largest Color Error

From DCI-P3

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0096

2.4 JNCD

for 100% Magenta-Red

Intentionally Bluish Mode

Largest Color Error

From DCI-P3

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0053

1.3 JNCD

for 50% Magenta

Excellent Accuracy

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

See Figure 2

Largest Color Error

From sRGB / Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0057

1.4 JNCD

for 75% Cyan-Blue

Excellent Accuracy

Accurate sRGB Content

See Figure 2

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD and for the

Accuracy Plots showing the measured Color Errors.

Color Errors below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent.

Color Errors below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Errors 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Errors above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

Changes in Absolute Color Accuracy with Average Picture Level APL

Measured Shifts in the Absolute Color Accuracy with Image Content from Low 1% APL to High 50% APL

Shift in the Color of White

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 4

White Point Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0015

0.4 JNCD

Excellent

White Point Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0010

0.3 JNCD

Excellent

See Figure 4

White Point Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0014

0.3 JNCD

Excellent

See Figure 4

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

See Figure 4 for the measured Color Shifts.

Color Shifts below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent.

Color Shifts below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Shifts 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Shifts above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

Average Color Shift

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 4

Standard mode

Intentionally Variable

Average Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0009

0.2 JNCD

Excellent

See Figure 4

Average Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0012

0.3 JNCD

Excellent

See Figure 4

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

See Figure 4 for the measured Color Shifts.

Color Shifts below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent.

Color Shifts below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Shifts 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Shifts above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

Maximum Color Shift

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 4

Standard mode

Intentionally Variable

Largest Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0024

0.6 JNCD

for 75% Cyan-Blue

Excellent

See Figure 4

Largest Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0024

0.6 JNCD

for 75% Cyan-Blue

Excellent

See Figure 4

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

See Figure 4 for the measured Color Shifts.

Color Shifts below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent.

Color Shifts below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Shifts 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Shifts above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

Intensity Scale and Image Contrast Accuracy

Dynamic Brightness

Change in Luminance with

Average Picture Level APL

20 percent Decrease

Intentionally Large

2 percent Decrease

Excellent

2 percent Decrease

Excellent

This is the percent Brightness decrease with APL

Average Picture Level. Ideally should be 0 percent.

Intensity Scale and

Image Contrast

See Figure 3

Smooth and Straight

Very Good

Slightly Too Steep

Intentionally Steeper

Very Smooth and Straight

Excellent

Very Accurate

See Figure 3

Very Smooth and Straight

Excellent

Very Accurate

See Figure 3

The Intensity Scale controls image contrast needed

for accurate Image Contrast and Color reproduction.

See Figure 3

Gamma for the Intensity Scale

Larger has more Image Contrast

See Figure 3

Gamma 2.32 to 2.40

Very Good

Gamma Intentionally High

Gamma 2.22

Excellent

Gamma Very Accurate

 Gamma 2.22

Excellent

Gamma Very Accurate

Gamma is the log slope of the Intensity Scale.

Gamma of 2.20 is the standard and needed for

accurate Image Contrast and Color reproduction.

See Figure 3

Image Contrast Accuracy

Very Good

Excellent

Excellent

See Figure 3

Screen Uniformity of the Foldable Display

The Color and Luminance Uniformity of the Display Center Fold Area was Measured and Compared to the rest of the Screen

Foldable Smartphones have a flexible OLED Display together with a precision hinge to fully open and properly close the Display.

The Fold in the Display between the Left and Right Panels should Not be Visually Noticeable when the Full Screen is being viewed.

The Center Fold Area should appear Flat and the Brightness and Colors should appear the same as the rest of the Screen.

· When fully opened the entire Display is very close to Perfectly Flat, with an Opening Angle within 1 degree of 180 degrees.

· No Screen Image irregularities in either Brightness or Color were Visually Noticeable in the Fold Area.

· When the Display is turned off and viewed as a Mirror, only slight variations are visible in Reflections from the Screen.

· Over time the Fold Area could become more noticeable from repeated long-term use and aging.

Photometry and Colorimetry Measurements

Measurements in the Center Screen Fold Area were compared to Measurements at the Middle of the Left and Right Panels.

The Measurements were made using 41 Reference Colors covering the entire Display Color Gamut.

The Color Shift and Luminance Shift in the Fold Area were then calculated for each of the 41 Reference Colors.

· The Measurements were made with a Spectroradiometer set for a small 1mm Diameter Area within the Center Fold.

· For Maximum Sensitivity the 41 Reference Colors were set for the Full Native Color Gamut of the OLED Display.

· Image Brightness is Measured as Luminance in nits cd/m²

Categories

Measured Shifts in the Fold Area

Comments

Maximum Color Shift

in the Fold Area

from the Left & Right Panels

For 41 Reference Colors

See Figure 2

Largest Color Shift

in the Fold Area from the Main Screen

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0021

0.5 JNCD

Excellent

Not Visually Noticeable

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference

Color Shifts below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Maximum Luminance Shift

in the Fold Area

from the Left & Right Panels

For 41 Reference Colors

See Figure 2

Largest Luminance Shift

in the Fold Area from the Main Screen

1.4 percent

Excellent

Not Visually Noticeable

Brightness is measured as Luminance

Luminance is measured in nits cd/m²

Luminance Shifts below 2 percent are Excellent

Viewing Angles

The variation of Brightness, Contrast, and Color with Viewing Angle is especially important for Smartphones because

of their larger screen and multiple viewers. The typical manufacturer 176+ degree specification for LCD Viewing Angle

is nonsense because that is where the Contrast Ratio falls to a miniscule 10. For most LCDs there are substantial

degradations at less than ±30 degrees, which is not an atypical Viewing Angle for Smartphones and Tablets.

The Viewing Angle variations are essentially identical for all of the X Fold Color Modes.

Note that the Viewing Angle performance is also very important for a single viewer because the Viewing Angle can vary

significantly based on how the Smartphone is held. The Viewing Angle can be very large if resting on a table or desk.

· The X Fold display has a Brightness (Luminance) fall off with Viewing Angle that is much smaller than the best LCD displays.

Color Shifts:

· The White Point Color Shift is the most viewer noticeable Color Shift with Viewing Angle because it is often the screen background.

The X Fold has a relatively small White Shift of just 2.0 JNCD at 30 degrees, which is unlikely to be noticeable.

· The Color Shifts throughout the entire Color Gamut vary as combinations of the Primary Color Shifts.

· The Color Shift for the Red Primary at 30 degrees Viewing Angle is 2.7 JNCD, which is unlikely to be noticeable.

· The Color Shift for the Green Primary at 30 degrees Viewing Angle is 2.2 JNCD, which is unlikely to be noticeable.

· The Color Shift for the Blue Primary at 30 degrees Viewing Angle is 4.3 JNCD, somewhat greater than the 3.5 JNCD limit for a

Green Very Good Rating. But Color Shifts in the Blue Region are less visually noticeable as discussed in this article

Most current model OLED Smartphone Displays have 1 or 2 Primary Color Shift Yellow ratings.

Categories

Standard mode

Color Management

Professional mode

DCI-P3 Content

Professional mode

sRGB Content

Comments

Brightness Decrease

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

25 percent Decrease

Small Decrease

Very Good

Most screens become less bright when tilted.

LCD decrease is generally greater than 50 percent.

Contrast Ratio at 0 lux

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Infinite Contrast Ratio

Outstanding

A measure of screen readability when the screen

is tilted under low ambient lighting.

White Point Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0078

 2.0 JNCD  Excellent

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Shifts below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent

Color Shifts for the Primaries

Red Primary Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0108

2.7 JNCD  Very Good

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Shifts below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good

Green Primary Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0088

 2.2 JNCD  Very Good

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Shifts below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good

Blue Primary Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Medium Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0173

 4.3 JNCD  Good

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Shifts 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good

Color Shifts for Color Mixtures

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Reference Brown (255, 128, 0)

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0014

0.4 JNCD  Excellent

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

Color Shifts for non-IPS LCDs are about 10 JNCD.

Reference Brown is a good indicator of color shifts

with angle because of unequal drive levels and

roughly equal luminance contributions from Red

and Green. See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Display Spectra

The Display Spectra for the Standard and sRGB and DCI-P3 Professional Color Modes and for the Eye Protection Mode are measured in Figure 5 below.

The Display White Point is Adjustable:

with the Eye Protection Mode and Interactive Slider Button.

· The Eye Protection Mode is designed to change the color balance of the display in order to reduce the amount of Blue Light

produced by the display, which some recent research indicates can affect how well users sleep afterwards.

The White Point can shift down to a Warm 3,390 K See Figure 5.

· The Interactive Slider Button in Display Settings allows the White Point Color Temperature to be adjusted interactively.

The White Point can shift between 4,850 to 7,560 K for the Professional Mode, and 4,830 to 8,810 K for the Standard Mode.