iPhone X OLED Display Technology Shoot-Out
Dr. Raymond M. Soneira
President, DisplayMate Technologies
Corporation
Copyright © 1990-2017 by DisplayMate
Technologies Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
This article, or any part
thereof, may not be copied, reproduced, mirrored, distributed or incorporated
into any other work without
the prior written permission of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation
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iPhone X
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Introduction
The key element for a great Smartphone has always been a
truly innovative and top performing display, and the best leading edge
Smartphones have always flaunted their super high tech displays. It is the
display performance that determines how good and how beautiful everything on
the Smartphone looks, including the camera photos and all of your Apps, and
also how readable and how usable the screen is in high ambient lighting. The
Display is the crown jewel of the Smartphone!
The iPhone X OLED is the most anticipated display in the
history of the world!!
The overwhelming majority of all existing displays, from Smartphones to
TVs, including all of the earlier iPhones, have Liquid Crystal Displays, LCDs, which produce an
image by varying the light transmission from a light source behind the display.
But starting in 2010, displays using a different technology called Organic Light Emitting Diodes, OLEDs, that directly emit
light began appearing in Smartphones. While initially they couldn’t match the
high image quality produced by LCDs, they rapidly improved in display
performance as shown in the extensive lab tests and measurements in my Display Technology Shoot-Out
article series.
Within a few years it became obvious that OLEDs would soon outperform
LCDs, particularly in Smartphones. So the big question was when, not if,
manufacturers would begin switching to OLED displays. For Apple, the transition
was particularly difficult because it needs hundreds of millions of OLED
displays, and Samsung Display was the only company manufacturing them in high
volume.
By 2015 the switch to OLED iPhones became the single hottest topic in large
numbers of technology publications, and then came the business and Wall Street
analysts that piled on as well. By 2017 it was a deafening roar as it became
obvious that Apple would launch an OLED iPhone this year... and it’s the iPhone
X...
Switching from LCDs to OLEDs is a major engineering and manufacturing
challenge, so I was eager to test and evaluate the new OLED iPhone X.
The result: Apple has produced an impressive Smartphone display with
excellent performance and accuracy, which we cover in extensive detail below.
What makes the iPhone X the Best Smartphone Display
is the impressive Precision Display Calibration Apple developed, which
transforms the OLED hardware into a superbly accurate, high performance, and
gorgeous display, with close to Text Book Perfect Calibration and Performance!!
In this article we lab test, measure, analyze, and evaluate in depth the
display on the iPhone X. This is an
independent scientific objective lab test and analysis of OLED displays written
for consumers and journalists. It is the latest edition in our seven year
article series that has lab tested, tracked and analyzed the development of
mobile OLED displays and display technology, from its early beginnings in 2010,
when OLED displays started out in last place, into a rapidly improving and
evolving display technology that now has a commanding first place lead and
continues pushing ahead aggressively.
We’ll cover all of the these display performance topics and much more,
with in-depth comprehensive display tests, measurements, and analysis that you
will find nowhere else.
The Shift from LCD to OLED Displays
LCDs are a great cutting edge high performance display technology for
Tablets to TVs, but for small handheld Smartphones, OLED displays provide a
number of significant advantages over LCDs including: being much thinner, much
lighter, without needing a bezel providing a rimless edge-to-edge design. They
can be made flexible and into curved screens, plus they have a very fast
response time, better viewing angles, and an always-on display mode. Many of
the OLED performance advantages result from the fact that every single
sub-pixel in an OLED display is independently directly electrically powered to
emit light, so only the active image sub-pixels draw power based on their
individual brightness levels. OLEDs can also provide better color accuracy,
image contrast accuracy, and screen uniformity because of variations in the
Backlights of LCDs.
As the result of their very versatile power management capabilities,
OLEDs are not only more power efficient than LCDs for most image content, but
they now deliver much higher peak Brightness than LCDs because the maximum
power can be delivered to just the sub-pixels that are needed for producing the
current image. However, for mostly all white screen content LCDs are likely to
remain brighter and more power efficient for a while.
OLED displays are also manufactured on flexible substrates that can
bend, which allows the screens to be curved and rounded and provides a number
of innovative new screen geometries. The main production and availability issue
for the next several years will be that the demand for OLED displays will
significantly exceed the manufacturing capacity as we discuss in Flagship 2017
OLED Smartphones.
Article Overview
This article has the following major sections:
· Highlights and
Performance Results
· iPhone X
Conclusions
· Improving
the Next Generation of Mobile Displays
· Lab Measurements
and Comparison Table
The Display Shoot-Out
To examine the
performance of the new iPhone X OLED Display we
ran our in-depth series of Mobile
Display Technology Shoot-Out Lab tests and measurements in order to
determine how the latest OLED displays have improved. We take display quality
very seriously and provide in-depth objective analysis based on detailed
laboratory tests and measurements and extensive viewing tests with both test
patterns, test images and test photos. To see how far OLED and LCD mobile
displays have progressed in just six years see our 2010 Smartphone
Display Shoot-Out, and for a real history lesson see our original 2006 Smartphone Display
Shoot-Out.
Apple provided DisplayMate Technologies with a retail unit of the iPhone
X so that we could perform our well known objective and comprehensive DisplayMate
Lab tests, measurements, and analysis, explaining in-depth the new display
performance results for consumers, reviewers, and journalists as early as
possible.
Highlights and Performance Results
In this section we review and explain the principal
results from the extensive DisplayMate Lab Tests and Measurements covered in
the Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table under the following
categories: Display Specifications, Overall Assessments, Screen
Reflections, Brightness and Contrast, Colors and Intensities, Viewing Angles, OLED Spectra,
Display Power.
Main Topics Covered
This Highlights and Performance
Results section has detailed information and analysis on the iPhone X display for the main topics listed below.
You can skip this section and go directly to the iPhone X
Conclusions.
· Larger Full Screen Display
· 2.5K Higher Resolution Display
· Industry Standard Color Gamuts
· Automatic Color Management
· Record Absolute Color Accuracy
· Record High Screen Brightness
· High
Dynamic Range Mobile HDR
· Night Shift mode for Better Night Viewing
· Diamond Sub-Pixels
· Display Power Efficiency
· Viewing Angle Performance and Viewing Tests
· Display Related Enhancements
· Larger Full Screen Display with a New Aspect Ratio of 19.5 :
9
The iPhone X has a new larger 5.85 inch full screen display that fills almost
the entire front face of the phone from edge-to-edge. The display also has a
new form factor with a taller height to width Aspect
Ratio of 19.5 :
9 = 2.17, which is 22% larger than the 16 :
9 = 1.78 on most Smartphones (and widescreen TVs) because the display now has
the same overall shape as the entire phone. It is taller in Portrait mode and
wider in Landscape mode. This provides extra space for Notifications and for
displaying multiple Apps and content simultaneously on-screen side-by-side.
The very top of the screen has a black 0.2” high (5 mm) cutout area from
the display that holds the front facing camera, ambient light and proximity
sensors, and the ear speaker. It’s noticeable but easy to get used to because
it only takes up 2% of the total screen area.
· 2.5K Higher Resolution Full HD+ 2436x1125 Display with 458
pixels per inch
As a result of its larger display size and larger Aspect
Ratio, the iPhone X has a new 2.5K Higher Resolution
Full HD+ display with 2436x1125 pixels
and 458 pixels per inch, with 2.7 Mega Pixels,
32% more than an HDTV. The display has Diamond
Sub-Pixels (see below) and Sub-Pixel Rendering
with 458 pixels per inch (ppi), providing significantly higher image sharpness
than can be resolved with normal 20/20 Vision at the typical viewing distances
of 12 inches or more for Smartphones, so the display appears perfectly sharp. As a result, for Smartphones it is absolutely pointless to
further increase the display resolution and pixels per inch (ppi) up to 4K
(3940x2160 pixels) for a silly marketing wild goose chase into the
stratosphere, with no visual benefit for humans!
· Industry Standard
Color Gamuts
The iPhone X supports the two most important Industry Standard Color Gamuts: the sRGB / Rec.709 Color
Gamut that is used for most current consumer
content, and the new Wide DCI-P3 Color Gamut that is used in 4K Ultra HD TVs. The DCI-P3 Gamut is
26 percent larger than the sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut. But Automatic Color Management
provides many more Gamuts...
· Automatic Color
Management
Most Smartphones and Tablets generally provide only one
to up to several fixed Color Gamuts. The iPhone X has
Automatic Color Management that automatically switches to the proper
Color Gamut for any displayed image content within the Wide DCI-P3 Color Space
that has an ICC Profile, so images automatically appear with the correct
colors, neither over-saturated or under-saturated. Color
Management with multiple and varying Color Gamuts are a very useful and
important state-of-the-art capability that all manufacturers will need to
provide in the future.
· Record Absolute Color
Accuracy
Delivering great color with high Absolute Color Accuracy
is incredibly difficult because everything on the display has to be done just
right. In order to deliver accurate image colors, a display needs to closely
match the standard Color Gamut that was used for producing the content being
viewed – not more and not less. In addition the display also needs an accurate
(pure logarithmic power-law) Intensity
Scale, and an accurate White Point.
Since the iPhone X supports two Standard Color Gamuts it
needs to also implement Color Management in order to get the second smaller
sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut to also appear correctly, which is generated from the
wider native DCI-P3. Each iPhone X display is
individually calibrated at the factory for both color and contrast accuracy.
The Absolute Color Accuracy
of the iPhone X is Truly Impressive as shown in
these Figures. It has
an Absolute Color Accuracy of 1.0 JNCD for the
sRGB / Red.709 Color Gamut that is used for most current consumer content, and 0.9 JNCD for the Wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut that is
used for 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema. It is the most color accurate display
that we have ever measured. It is Visually
Indistinguishable From Perfect, and is very likely considerably better
than any mobile display, monitor, TV or UHD TV that you have.
See this Figure for an explanation
and visual definition of Just Noticeable Color Difference JNCD and the Color Accuracy Plots with
41 Reference Colors showing the measured
display Color Errors. See the Color Accuracy
section and the Color
Accuracy Plots for measurements and details, and also this regarding lots
of Bogus Color
Accuracy Measurements.
· Record High Screen
Brightness and Performance in High Ambient Lighting
Mobile displays are often used under relatively bright
ambient lighting, which washes out the image color saturation and contrast,
reducing picture quality and making it harder to view or read the screen. To be
usable in high ambient light a display needs a dual combination of high Screen Brightness and low Screen
Reflectance – the iPhone X has both. This is extremely important for screen
readability, picture quality, and color accuracy in ambient light.
The iPhone X has a
record high Full Screen Brightness for OLED
Smartphones of 634 nits, which improves screen
visibility in high Ambient Light. The Samsung Galaxy Note8 can produce up to
1,240 nits, but only for small portions of the screen area (Low Average Picture
Levels) – for Full Screen Brightness the Note8 can produce up to 423 nits with
Manual Brightness and 560 nits with Automatic Brightness only in High Ambient
Light. For small portions of the screen area the iPhone X can produce up to 809 nits (Low Average Picture Levels). On its Home Screen the iPhone X produces an impressively
bright 726 nits. See the Screen
Brightness section for the measurements and details.
The measured iPhone X Screen
Reflectance is 4.5 percent, close to the lowest that we have ever
measured for a Smartphone. Our Contrast Rating for
High Ambient Light quantitatively measures screen visibility and image
contrast under bright Ambient Lighting – the higher the better. As a result of
its high Brightness and low Reflectance, the iPhone X has a Contrast Rating for
High Ambient Light that ranges from 141 to 180, among
the highest that we have ever measured for a Smartphone. See the Screen Reflectance section for the measurements and
details.
· HDR High Dynamic Range Mobile HDR Premium Display
The iPhone X provides Mobile HDR,
which allows it to play 4K High Dynamic Range content made for 4K UHD TVs. High Dynamic
Range (HDR) is the newest performance
enhancement feature developed for the latest 4K Ultra HD TVs. HDR provides
expanded the Color, Contrast, and Brightness of video content. In order to
provide HDR, the iPhone X has the required Digital Cinema DCI-P3 Wide Color
Gamut, plus perfect Blacks and an Infinite Contrast Ratio from its OLED display
· Night Shift Mode for
Better Night Viewing
The Night Shift mode on the iPhone X is designed to
change the color balance of the display in order to reduce the amount of Blue
light produced by the display, which some recent research indicates can affect
how well users sleep afterwards. In a separate article we
explain and analyze the Blue Light issue for displays. The iPhone X includes a
user adjustable slider to vary the amount of Blue light produced by the
display, and a timer that allows the Night Shift to be turned on and off
automatically every day. The measured variation in the display light spectrum
with the adjustable Night Shift slider is shown in this Figure and
below.
As the Night Shift
slider setting is increased, the amount of Blue light emitted by the display
decreases. When that happens, White and all screen colors take on an increasing
yellowish tint and color cast. At the Middle setting
the measured White Color Temperature decreases to 4,200K,
and at the Maximum setting it decreases to 2,800K, the Color Temperature of traditional
incandescent lighting, which is yellowish. With Night Shift at its Maximum setting,
the measured Blue Light component from the iPhone X is reduced by 80 percent.
Turning down the screen Brightness will further decrease the amount of Blue
Light. The measured display spectra for several of
the Night Shift settings
are included in this Figure and
below.
· True Tone Viewing
Mode
The True Tone viewing mode
automatically changes the White Point and color balance of the display based on
real-time measurements of the ambient light falling on the screen. The idea is
to make the display behave more like paper reflecting ambient light and taking
on its color. It is implemented with an Ambient Light sensor that measures the
Color of the ambient light in addition to its Brightness.
· Super Dim Setting
The iPhone X also has a Super
Dim Setting that allows the Maximum Screen Brightness to be set all the
way down to just 2 cd/m2 (nits)
using the Brightness Slider. This is perfect for night use on a beside table,
and useful for working comfortably without eye strain or bothering others in
very dark environments, or affecting the eye’s dark adaptation, such as when
using a telescope. The display still provides full 24-bit color and the picture
quality remains excellent.
· Diamond Sub-Pixels
A
high resolution screen shot obtained with an optical microscope camera
shows a Diamond shaped layout for the Sub-Pixels on the iPhone X. This Diamond
Sub-Pixel layout is used on many OLED displays. On the iPhone X the resulting
Sub-Pixel fill factor is much higher than other OLEDs, which is a key factor in
providing the much higher full Screen Peak Luminance of over 625 nits.
The Red, Green, and Blue sub-pixels have very different
sizes -- Blue is by far the largest because it has the lowest light emission
efficiency, and Green is by far the smallest because it has the highest
efficiency. The alternating Red and Blue sub-pixel arrangement leads to a 45
degree diagonal symmetry in the sub-pixel layout. This allows vertical,
horizontal, and particularly diagonal line segments and vectors to be drawn
with reduced aliasing and artifacts. In order to maximize the sub-pixel packing
and achieve the highest possible pixels per inch (ppi), that leads to a Diamond
rather than Square or Striped arrangement of the Sub-Pixels. It's a form of
high-tech display art...
· Display Power
Efficiency
While LCDs remain more power efficient for images with
mostly full screen white content (like all text screens on a white background,
for example), OLEDs are more power efficient for typical mixed image content
because they are emissive displays so their power varies with the Average
Picture Level (average Brightness) of the image content over the entire screen.
For OLEDs, Black pixels and sub-pixels don’t use any power so screens with
Black or dark backgrounds are very power efficient for OLEDs. For LCDs the
display power is fixed and independent of image content. Currently, OLED
displays are more power efficient than LCDs for Average Pictures Levels of 65
percent or less, and LCDs are more power efficient for Average Picture Levels
above 65 percent. Since both technologies are continuing to improve their power
efficiencies, the crossover will continue to change with time. See the Display Power section for the measurements and
details.
· Viewing Angle
Performance
While Smartphones are
primarily single viewer devices, the variation in display performance with
viewing angle is still very important because single viewers frequently hold
the display at a variety of viewing angles. The angle is often up to 30
degrees, more if it is resting on a table or desk. While LCDs typically
experience a 55 percent or greater decrease in Brightness at a 30 degree
Viewing Angle, the OLED iPhone X display shows a much smaller 22 percent
decrease in Brightness at 30 degrees. This also applies to multiple
side-by-side viewers as well, and is a significant advantage of OLED displays.
The Color Shifts with Viewing Angle are also relatively small. See the Viewing Angles section for the measurements and
details.
· Viewing Tests
The iPhone X provides very nice, pleasing and very
accurate colors and picture quality. Although the Image Contrast is slightly
too high (due to a slightly too steep Intensity Scale), the very challenging
set of DisplayMate Test and Calibration Photos that we use to evaluate picture
quality looked absolutely stunning and Beautiful,
even to my experienced hyper-critical eyes.
The iPhone X excels due to its record Absolute Color
Accuracy (1.0 JNCD), which is Visually
Indistinguishable from Perfect, and is very likely considerably better
than any mobile display, monitor, TV or UHD TV that you have. So photos,
videos, and online content and merchandise will appear correct and beautiful.
See the Color Accuracy
Figures and the Colors and Intensities
section for quantitative details.
· Display Related
Enhancements
· The
iPhone X is IP67 water resistant in up to 1 meter (3 feet) of water for up to
half an hour, which means you can comfortably view the display in typical wet
indoor and outdoor conditions – even carefully use it in a tub or shower, and
it should be fine if you accidentally drop it in a sink or toilet.
· The
iPhone X can be used with Polarized Sunglasses in both the Portrait and
Landscape orientations unlike many LCDs, which generally work in only one of
the two orientations.
· The
iPhone X Cover Glass is 50% stronger compared to iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus,
which provides higher resistance to breakage.
iPhone X Conclusions: A Very Impressive
Smartphone Display…
The primary goal of this Display Technology Shoot-Out
article series has always been to publicize and promote display excellence
so that consumers, journalists and even manufacturers are aware of and
appreciate the very best in displays and display technology. We point out which
manufactures and display technologies are leading and advancing the
state-of-the-art for displays by performing comprehensive and objective
scientific Lab tests and measurements together with in-depth analysis. We point
out who is leading, who is behind, who is improving, and sometimes
(unfortunately) who is back pedaling… all based solely on the extensive
objective careful Lab measurements that we also publish, so that everyone can
judge the data for themselves as well…
The Best Smartphone Display
· The iPhone X is
the most innovative and high performance Smartphone display that we have ever
tested.
· First we need to
congratulate Samsung Display for developing and manufacturing the outstanding
OLED display hardware in the iPhone X.
· But what makes the iPhone X the Best
Smartphone Display is the impressive Precision Display Calibration that
Apple developed that transforms the OLED hardware into a superbly accurate,
high performance, and gorgeous display!!
See the Display Shoot-Out Comparison
Table section below for the complete DisplayMate Lab measurements and test
details.
See the Highlights and Performance
Results section above for a detailed overview with expanded discussions and
explanations.
See the Display Assessments
section for the evaluation details.
The iPhone X has the following enhanced state-of-the-art
display performance functions and features:
· A
state-of-the-art OLED display that is
manufactured on a flexible plastic substrate. While
the OLED display itself is flexible, the screen remains rigid under an outer
hard cover glass.
· A 2.5K High
Resolution 2436 x 1125 Full HD+ Display with 458
pixels per inch, and Diamond Sub-Pixels
with Sub-Pixel Rendering for enhanced sharpness and higher Peak Brightness.
· A radical new Full Screen design
with a larger 5.85
inch OLED display that fills almost the entire
front face of the iPhone X from edge-to-edge, providing a significantly
larger display for the same phone size.
· A new display form factor with a taller height to width Aspect Ratio of 19.5 : 9 = 2.17, which is 22% larger than the 16 : 9 = 1.78 on most
Smartphones (and widescreen TVs) because the display now has the same overall
shape as the entire phone. It is taller in Portrait mode and wider in Landscape
mode.
· A record
high Full Screen Brightness for OLED Smartphones of 634 nits, which improves screen visibility in high
Ambient Light. The Samsung Galaxy Note8 can produce up to 1,240 nits, but only
for small portions of the screen area (Low Average Picture Levels) – for Full
Screen the Note8 can produce up to 423 nits with Manual Brightness and 560 nits
with Automatic Brightness only in High Ambient Light. For small portions of the
screen area the iPhone X can produce up to 809 nits (Low Average Picture
Levels). On its Home Screen the iPhone X
produces an impressively bright 726 nits.
· The Highest
Absolute Color Accuracy of any display we have ever tested, 0.9 JNCD (from Smartphones
to TVs) based on our extensive Lab Measurements, which
is Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.
· 2 Industry Standard Color Gamuts: the sRGB / Rec.709 Color
Gamut that is used for most current consumer
content, and the new Wide DCI-P3 Color Gamut that is used in 4K Ultra HD TVs. The DCI-P3 Gamut is
26 percent larger than the sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut.
· Automatic Color Management
that automatically switches to the proper Color Gamut for any displayed image
content within the Wide DCI-P3 Color Space that has an ICC Profile, so images
automatically appear with the correct colors, neither being over-saturated or
under-saturated.
· The iPhone X supports Mobile HDR, which allows the iPhone X to play 4K High
Dynamic Range content produced for 4K UHD TVs.
· A Night Shift Mode that
allows the user to adjust and reduce the amount of Blue Light from the display
for better night viewing and improved sleep.
· A True Tone viewing
mode that automatically changes the White Point and color balance of the
display based on real-time measurements of the ambient light falling on the
screen to make the display behave more like paper reflecting ambient light and
taking on its color.
· Small Color Shifts and Brightness
Shifts with Viewing Angle.
· The iPhone X
can be used with Polarized Sunglasses in both
the Portrait and Landscape orientations unlike many LCDs, which generally work
in only one of the two orientations.
The iPhone X matches or sets
new Smartphone display performance records for:
· Highest Absolute
Color Accuracy for any display (0.9 JNCD) which is Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.
· Highest Full Screen
Brightness for OLED Smartphones (634 nits).
· Highest Full
Screen Contrast Rating in Ambient Light (141).
· Highest Contrast Ratio
(Infinite).
· Lowest Screen Reflectance
(4.5 percent).
· Smallest Brightness Variation with Viewing Angle (22 percent).
The Best
Smartphone Display
The iPhone X delivers
uniformly consistent all around Top Tier display performance and receives All Green (Very Good to Excellent) Ratings in all of
the DisplayMate Lab test and measurement Categories (except for a single Yellow
in Brightness Variation with Average Picture Level that applies to all OLED
displays). See the Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table
below for all of the measurements and details, and the Highlights
and Performance Results section above for expanded discussions and
explanations, and the Display Assessments section
for the evaluation details.
Based on our extensive lab
tests and measurements the iPhone X becomes the Best Performing Smartphone
Display that we have ever tested, earning DisplayMate’s highest ever A+ grade.
The iPhone X is an impressive display with close to Text Book Perfect
Calibration and Performance!!
Improving the
Next Generation of Mobile Displays
The iPhone X has a very
high resolution 2.5K 2436x1125 pixel display with 458 pixels per inch (ppi)
producing images that look perfectly sharp with normal 20/20 Vision under all
normal viewing conditions, which always includes some ambient light that always
lowers the visible image contrast and perceived image sharpness (Modulation
Transfer MTF). Note that displays are almost never
viewed in absolute darkness under perfect viewing conditions with ideal image
content. Some clueless reviewers have been pining for 4K 3840x2160
Smartphones, which would require more than triple the pixels, memory, and
processing power of the 2436x1125 display on the iPhone X, but there would be no visual benefit for humans! As a result, it is absolutely pointless to further increase the display
resolution and pixels per inch (ppi) for a marketing wild goose chase into the
stratosphere, with no visual benefit for humans!
With screen size and resolution
already functionally maxed out, manufacturers should instead dedicate their
efforts and resources into improving real world display performance in ambient
light by using advanced technology to restore and compensate for the loss of
color gamut, color saturation, and image contrast due to ambient light,
something that every consumer will benefit from, and will also immediately
notice and appreciate – providing a true sales and marketing advantage…
The most important improvements for OLED and LCD mobile
displays will come from improving their image and picture quality and screen
readability in real world ambient light, which washes out the screen images,
resulting in reduced image contrast, color saturation, and color accuracy. The
key will be in lowering the Screen Reflectance
and implementing Dynamic Color Management with
automatic real-time modification of the display’s native Color Gamut and Dynamic Intensity Scales based on the measured
Ambient Light level in order to have them compensate for the reflected light
glare and image wash out that causes a loss of color saturation and image
contrast from ambient light as discussed in our Innovative
Displays and Display Technology and SID
Display Technology Shoot-Out articles.
In our High
Picture Quality in Real World Ambient Lighting article we demonstrate that
a major advantage of using Dynamic Color Management
and Dynamic Intensity Scales rather than the
current brute force method of just increasing the Picture Brightness in ambient
light is that it can produce the same vibrant on-screen colors in ambient light
with 75 percent less display power up through 2,000 lux, which is very
important for TV energy efficiency, and also very important for Smartphones
because they depend on limited battery power.
The displays, technologies, and
manufacturers that succeed in implementing this new real world high ambient
light performance strategy will take the lead in the next generations of mobile
displays… Follow DisplayMate
on Twitter to learn about these developments and our upcoming display
technology coverage.
DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology
All
Smartphone, Tablet, Monitor and TV displays can be significantly improved using
DisplayMate’s proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical
display modeling and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration,
and driver parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement,
prototype development, display performance improvement and optimization,
testing displays to meet contract specifications, and production quality
control so that they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in
our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for consumers. This article is a
lite version of our advanced scientific analysis – before the benefits of our DisplayMate Display Optimization
Technology, which can correct or improve all of these issues. If you are a
display or product manufacturer and want to significantly improve display
performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.
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iPhone X
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Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table
Below we
examine in-depth the OLED display on the Apple iPhone
X based on objective Lab measurement
data and criteria
in the
following sections: Display Specifications, Overall Assessments, Screen
Reflections, Brightness and Contrast,
Colors and Intensities, Viewing Angles, OLED Spectra,
Display Power.
For
additional background information see this earlier article covering the Flagship OLED
2017 Smartphones.
Detailed Test and Measurement Comparisons between
the iPhone X, the Galaxy Note8, and the iPhone 7 Displays
You can directly compare the data and measurement results
for the iPhone X with the Galaxy Note8 and iPhone 7 displays
in detail by using a Tabbed web browser with our
comprehensive Lab measurements and analysis for each of the displays.
For each Tab click on a Link below. The entries are
mostly identical with only minor formatting differences,
so it is easy to make detailed side-by-side comparisons
by simply clicking through the Tabs.
Apple iPhone X Lab Measurements Comparison Table
Samsung
Galaxy Note8 Lab Measurements Comparison Table
Apple iPhone 7
Lab Measurements Comparison Table
For
comparisons with the other leading Smartphone, Tablet, and Smart Watch displays
see our Mobile Display
Technology Shoot-Out series.
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Categories
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Apple
iPhone X
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Comments
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Display Technology
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5.85 inch
Screen Diagonal
Excluding
the Rounded Corners
OLED Display with Diamond Sub-Pixels
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Organic Light Emitting Diode
Diamond Sub-Pixels
with Diagonal Symmetry.
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Screen Shape
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19.5 : 9 = 2.17
New Higher
Aspect Ratio
Most
Smartphones and Widescreen TVs have 16 : 9 = 1.78
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Height to Width Aspect Ratio
iPhone X display screen is 22% longer
than
most Smartphones and widescreen 16:9 TV
content.
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Screen Size
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2.46 x
5.32 inches
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Display Width and Height in inches.
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Screen Area
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12.8
Square Inches
Subtracting
the Top Slot area but not the Rounded Corners
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A better measure of size than the
diagonal length.
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Supported Color Gamuts
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Wide Gamut
– DCI-P3 Digital Cinema Color Gamut
Standard
Gamut – sRGB / Rec.709 Standard Color Gamut
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The iPhone X supports 2 Color Gamuts
including
the new wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut that is
used
in the 4K TV content.
|
|
Display Resolution
|
2436 x 1125
pixels
2.5K Full
HD+
|
Screen Pixel Resolution.
Quad HD can display four 1280x720 HD
images.
|
|
Total Number of Pixels
|
2.7 Mega
Pixels
|
Total Number of Pixels.
|
|
Pixels Per Inch
|
458 PPI
with Diamond Sub-Pixels
Excellent
|
Sharpness depends on the viewing distance
and PPI.
See this on
the visual acuity for a true Retina Display
|
|
Sub-Pixels Per Inch
|
Red
324 SPPI
Green
458 SPPI
Blue
324 SPPI
|
Diamond Sub-Pixel displays have only half
the number
of Red and Blue Sub-Pixels as RGB Stripe
displays.
|
|
Total Number of Sub-Pixels
|
Red
1.4 Million Sub-Pixels
Green 2.7
Million Sub-Pixels
Blue
1.4 Million Sub-Pixels
|
Number of Mega Sub-Pixels for Red,
Green, Blue.
Diamond Sub-Pixel displays have only half
the number
of Red and Blue Sub-Pixels as RGB Stripe
displays.
At High PPI this is generally not visible
due to the
use of Sub-Pixel Rendering.
|
|
20/20 Vision Distance
where Pixels or Sub-Pixels
are Not Resolved
|
7.5 inches for White and Green Sub-Pixels with 20/20 Vision
10.6
inches for Red and Blue Sub-Pixels with 20/20 Vision
|
For 20/20 Vision the minimum Viewing
Distance
where the screen appears perfectly sharp
to the eye.
|
|
Display Sharpness
at Typical Viewing Distances
|
iPhone X Display appears
Perfectly Sharp
Pixels are
not Resolved with 20/20 Vision
at Typical
Viewing Distances of
12 to 18
inches
|
The Typical Viewing Distances for this
screen size
are in the range of 12 to 18 inches.
Also note that eye’s resolution is much
lower for
Red and Blue color content than White
and Green.
|
|
Appears Perfectly Sharp
at Typical Viewing Distances
|
Yes
|
Typical Viewing Distances are 12 to 18
inches
for this screen size.
|
|
Photo Viewer Color Depth
|
Full
24-bit Color
No
Dithering Visible
256
Intensity Levels
|
Some Smartphones and Tablets still have
some
form of 16-bit color depth in the
Gallery Viewer.
The Apple iPhone X does not have this
issue.
|
|
Overall Assessments
This section summarizes
the results for all of the extensive Lab Measurements and Viewing Tests
performed on the display.
See Screen Reflections, Brightness
and Contrast, Colors and Intensities,
Viewing Angles, OLED
Spectra, Display Power.
The
iPhone X automatically switches to the appropriate calibrated Gamut for the
current on-screen content.
The
DCI-P3 Digital Cinema Gamut is used in Ultra HD TVs, and other advanced imaging
applications.
The
sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut is used for most current consumer photo, video,
web, and computer content.
|
Categories
|
Wide
Gamut
DCI-P3
Digital Cinema
|
Standard
Gamut
sRGB /
Rec.709 Content
|
Comments
|
|
Viewing Tests
in Subdued Ambient Lighting
|
Excellent
Images
Photos and
Videos
have
Excellent Color
and
Accurate Contrast
Accurate
Wide Gamut
|
Excellent
Images
Photos and
Videos
have
Excellent Color
and
Accurate Contrast
Accurate
Standard Gamut
|
The Viewing Tests examine the accuracy
of
photographic images by comparing the
displays
to an calibrated studio monitor and TV.
|
|
Variation with Viewing Angle
Colors and Brightness
See Viewing Angles
|
Small
Color Shifts
with
Viewing Angle
Small
Brightness Shifts
with
Viewing Angle
|
Small Color
Shifts
with
Viewing Angle
Small
Brightness Shifts
with
Viewing Angle
|
The iPhone X display has a relatively
small
decrease in Brightness with Viewing
Angle and
relatively small Color Shifts with
Viewing Angle.
See the Viewing Angles section for details.
|
|
Overall Display Assessment
Lab Tests and Measurements
|
Excellent
OLED Display
Accurate
Wide Gamut
|
Excellent
OLED Display
Accurate
Standard Gamut
|
The iPhone X OLED Display performed
very well in the Lab Tests and
Measurements.
|
|
|
|
Absolute Color Accuracy
Measured over Entire Gamut
See Figure 2 and Colors
|
Excellent
Color Accuracy
Accurate
Wide Gamut
Color
Errors are Small
|
Excellent
Color Accuracy
Accurate
Standard Gamut
Color
Errors are Small
|
Absolute
Color Accuracy is measured with a
Spectroradiometer
for 41
Reference Colors
uniformly
distributed within the entire Color Gamut.
See
Figure 2 and Colors for details.
|
|
Image Contrast Accuracy
See Figure 3 and Contrast
|
Very Good
Contrast Accuracy
Image
Contrast
Slightly
Too High
|
Very Good
Contrast Accuracy
Image
Contrast
Slightly
Too High
|
The
Image Contrast Accuracy is determined by
measuring
the Log Intensity Scale and Gamma.
See
Figure 3 and Contrast for details.
|
|
Performance in Ambient Light
Display Brightness
Screen Reflectance
Contrast Rating
See Brightness and Contrast
See Screen Reflections
|
High Display
Brightness
Very Low
Reflectance
High
Contrast Rating
for Ambient
Light
|
High
Display Brightness
Very Low
Reflectance
High
Contrast Rating
for Ambient
Light
|
Smartphones
are seldom used in the dark.
Screen
Brightness and Reflectance determine
the
Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light.
See
the Brightness and Contrast section for details.
See
the Screen Reflections section for details.
|
|
Overall Display Calibration
Image and Picture Quality
Lab Tests and Viewing Tests
|
Excellent
Calibration
Accurate
Wide Gamut
|
Excellent
Calibration
Accurate
Standard Gamut
|
iPhone X display delivers accurately
calibrated
colors and images for both the Wide
Gamut and
Standard Gamut.
|
|
|
Overall Display Grade
Overall
Assessment
|
Overall iPhone X Display Grade
is Excellent A+
The Best Performing
Smartphone Display that we have ever tested!!
Impressive with close
to Text Book Perfect Calibration and Performance.
|
The iPhone X display delivers excellent
image quality, has both Wide Color Gamut
and Standard Color Gamut modes, with
high Screen Brightness and low
Reflectance,
has good Viewing Angles, and is an all
around
top performing Smartphone display.
|
|
Accurate
Wide Gamut
For Viewing
4K UHD TV
DCI-P3
Cinema Content
|
Accurate
Standard Gamut
For Viewing
Most Content
Photo Video
Movie Web
|
Categories
|
Wide
Gamut
DCI-P3
Digital Cinema
|
Standard
Gamut
sRGB /
Rec.709 Content
|
Comments
|
|
Screen Reflections
All display screens are mirrors good enough to use
for personal grooming – but that is actually a very bad feature…
We measured the light reflected from all directions
and also direct mirror (specular) reflections, which are much more
distracting and cause more eye strain. Many
Smartphones still have greater than 10 percent reflections that make the
screen much harder to read even in moderate ambient
light levels, requiring ever higher brightness settings that waste
precious battery power. Hopefully manufacturers
will reduce the mirror reflections with anti-reflection coatings and
matte or haze surface finishes.
Our Lab Measurements include Average
Reflectance for Ambient Light from All Directions and for Mirror Reflections.
We use an Integrating Hemisphere and a
highly collimated pencil light beam together with a Spectroradiometer.
Note the Screen
Reflectance is exactly the same for both Color Gamuts.
The iPhone X has one of the lowest
Screen Reflectance levels that we have ever measured for a Smartphone.
These results are extremely important
for screen readability, picture quality, and color accuracy in ambient light.
|
Categories
|
iPhone
X
|
Comments
|
|
Average Screen Reflection
Light From All Directions
|
4.5 percent
for
Ambient Light Reflections
Excellent
|
Measured using an Integrating Hemisphere
and
a Spectroradiometer.
The lowest value we have ever measured
for a Smartphone is 4.4 percent.
|
|
Mirror Reflections
Percentage of Light Reflected
|
5.7
percent
for Mirror
Reflections
Very Good
|
These are the most annoying types of
Reflections.
Measured using a Spectroradiometer and a
narrow
collimated pencil beam of light
reflected off the screen.
The lowest value we have ever measured
for a Smartphone is 5.6 percent.
|
|
Brightness and Contrast
The Contrast Ratio
is the specification that gets the most attention, but it only applies for
low ambient light, which is seldom
the case for mobile displays. Much more important
is the Contrast Rating, which indicates how
easy it is to read the screen
under high ambient lighting and depends on both
the Maximum Brightness and the Screen Reflectance. The larger the better.
The display’s actual on-screen Contrast Ratio changes with the Ambient Light lux
level and is proportional to the Contrast Rating.
|
Categories
|
Wide
Gamut
DCI-P3
Digital Cinema
|
Standard
Gamut
sRGB /
Rec.709 Content
|
Comments
|
|
Home Screen Peak Brightness
Measured for White
|
Brightness
726 cd/m2
Excellent
|
Brightness
726 cd/m2
Excellent
|
The Peak Brightness for White on the
Home Screen.
|
|
Measured Average Brightness
50% Average Picture Level
|
Brightness
700 cd/m2
Excellent
|
Brightness
695 cd/m2
Excellent
|
This is the Brightness for typical
screen content
that has a 50% Average Picture Level.
|
|
Measured Full Brightness
100% Full Screen White
|
Brightness
634 cd/m2
Excellent
|
Brightness
633 cd/m2
Excellent
|
This is the Brightness for a screen that
is entirely
all white with 100% Average Picture
Level.
|
|
Measured Peak Brightness
1% Full Screen White
|
Brightness
804 cd/m2
Excellent
|
Brightness
809 cd/m2
Excellent
|
This is the Peak Brightness for a screen
that
has only a tiny 1% Average Picture
Level.
|
|
Measured Auto Brightness
in High Ambient Light
with Automatic Brightness On
|
Auto
Brightness
in High
Ambient Light
634 – 804
cd/m2
Excellent
|
Auto
Brightness
in High
Ambient Light
633 – 809
cd/m2
Excellent
|
The Maximum Brightness is the same
for both the Manual and Auto Brightness
modes.
|
|
Low Ambient Light
|
|
Lowest Peak Brightness
Super Dim Setting
Brightness Slider to Minimum
|
2 cd/m2
For Very
Low Light
|
2 cd/m2
For Very
Low Light
|
This is the Lowest Brightness with the
Slider set to
Minimum. This is useful for working in
very dark
environments. Picture Quality remains
Excellent.
|
|
Black Brightness at 0 lux
at Maximum Brightness Setting
|
0 cd/m2
Outstanding
|
0 cd/m2
Outstanding
|
Black Brightness is important for Low
Ambient Light,
which is seldom the case for mobile
devices.
|
|
Contrast Ratio at 0 lux
Relevant for Low Ambient Light
|
Infinite
Outstanding
|
Infinite
Outstanding
|
Only relevant for Low Ambient Light,
which is seldom the case for mobile
devices.
|
|
High Ambient Light
|
|
Contrast Rating
for High Ambient Light
The Higher the Better
for Screen Readability
in High Ambient Light
|
141 – 179
Excellent
|
141 – 180
Excellent
|
Depends on the Screen Reflectance and
Brightness.
Defined as Maximum Brightness / Average Reflectance.
The display’s actual on-screen Contrast Ratio
changes with the Ambient Light lux level
and
is proportional to the Contrast Rating.
|
|
Screen Readability
in High Ambient Light
|
Excellent:
A+
|
Excellent: A+
|
Indicates how easy it is to read the
screen
under High Ambient Lighting. Depends on
both the Screen Reflectance and
Brightness.
See High
Ambient Light Screen Shots
|
|
Colors and Intensities
The Color Gamut, Intensity Scale, and White Point
determine the quality and accuracy of all displayed images and all
the image colors. Bigger is definitely Not Better
because the display needs to match all the standards that were used
when the content was produced. For LCDs a wider
Color Gamut reduces the power efficiency and the Intensity Scale
affects both image brightness and color mixture
accuracy.
The iPhone X automatically switches to
the appropriate Gamut for the current on-screen content.
|
Categories
|
Wide
Gamut
DCI-P3
Digital Cinema
|
Standard
Gamut
sRGB /
Rec.709 Content
|
Comments
|
|
Color of White
Color Temperature in degrees
Measured in the dark at 0 lux
See Figure 1
|
6,591 K
0.2 JNCD
from D65 White
Very Close
to Standard
Accurate
Wide Gamut
See Figure 1
|
6,597 K
0.2 JNCD
from D65 White
Very Close
to Standard
Accurate
Standard Gamut
See Figure 1
|
D65 with 6,500 K is the standard color
of White
for most Consumer Content and needed for
accurate color reproduction of all
images.
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
White Point accuracy is more critical than
other colors.
See Figure 1
for the plotted White Points.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
|
|
Color Gamut
Measured in the dark at 0 lux
See Figure 1
|
103 percent
DCI-P3
Cinema Gamut
Very Close
to Standard
Accurate
Wide Gamut
See Figure 1
|
103 percent
sRGB /
Rec.709 Gamut
Very Close
to Standard
Accurate
Standard Gamut
See Figure 1
|
Most current consumer content uses sRGB /
Rec.709.
The new 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema use
DCI-P3.
A Wide Color Gamut is useful in High
Ambient Light
and for some applications. It can be used
with Color
Management to dynamically change the
Gamut.
See Figure 1
|
|
Color Accuracy
|
|
Absolute Color Accuracy
Average Color Error at 0 lux
For 41 Reference Colors
Just Noticeable Color Difference
See Figure 2
|
Average
Color Error
From
DCI-P3
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0037
0.9 JNCD
Excellent
Color Accuracy
Accurate
Wide Gamut
See Figure 2
|
Average
Color Error
From sRGB
/ Rec.709
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0039
1.0 JNCD
Excellent
Color Accuracy
Accurate
Standard Gamut
See Figure 2
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD and for
Accuracy Plots showing
the measured Color Errors.
Average Errors below 3.5 JNCD are Very
Good.
Average Errors 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are
Good.
Average Errors above 7.0 JNCD are
Poor.
|
|
Absolute Color Accuracy
Largest Color Error at 0 lux
For 41 Reference Colors
Just Noticeable Color Difference
See Figure 2
|
Largest Color Error
From
DCI-P3
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0091
2.3 JNCD
for Blue
Very Good
Accuracy
Accurate
Wide Gamut
See Figure 2
|
Largest Color Error
From sRGB
/ Rec.709
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0096
2.4 JNCD
for Blue
Very Good
Accuracy
Accurate
Standard Gamut
See Figure 2
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD and for
Accuracy Plots showing
the measured Color Errors.
Largest Errors below 7.0 JNCD are
Very Good.
Largest Errors 7.0 to 14.0 JNCD are
Good.
Largest Errors above 14.0 JNCD are
Poor.
This is twice the limit for the Average
Error.
|
|
Intensity Scale and Image Contrast Accuracy
|
|
Dynamic Brightness
Luminance Decrease with
Average Picture Level APL
|
21
percent Decrease
Good
|
22 percent
Decrease
Good
|
This is the percent Brightness decrease
with APL
Average Picture Level. Ideally should be
0 percent.
|
|
Intensity Scale and
Image Contrast
See Figure 3
|
Smooth
and Straight
Very Good
Slightly
Too Steep
See Figure 3
|
Smooth and
Straight
Very Good
Slightly
Too Steep
See Figure 3
|
The Intensity Scale controls image
contrast needed
for accurate Image Contrast and Color
reproduction.
See Figure 3
|
|
Gamma for the Intensity Scale
Larger has more Image Contrast
See Figure 3
|
Gamma 2.29
Very Good
Gamma
Slightly Too High
|
Gamma 2.29
Very Good
Gamma
Slightly Too High
|
Gamma is the log slope of the Intensity
Scale.
Gamma of 2.20 is the standard and needed
for
accurate Image Contrast and Color
reproduction.
See Figure 3
|
|
Image Contrast Accuracy
|
Very Good
|
Very Good
|
See Figure 3
|
|
Viewing Angles
The variation of
Brightness, Contrast, and Color with Viewing Angle is especially important
for Smartphones because
of their larger screen
and multiple viewers. The typical manufacturer 176+ degree specification for
LCD Viewing Angle
is nonsense because that
is where the Contrast Ratio falls to a miniscule 10. For most LCDs there are
substantial
degradations at less
than ±30 degrees, which is not an atypical Viewing Angle for Smartphones and
Tablets.
Note that the Viewing
Angle performance is also very important for a single viewer because the
Viewing Angle can vary
significantly based on
how the Smartphone is held. The Viewing Angle can be very large if resting on
a table or desk.
The
Viewing Angle variations are essentially identical for both the Wide and
Standard Gamuts.
|
Categories
|
Wide
Gamut
DCI-P3
Digital Cinema
|
Standard
Gamut
sRGB /
Rec.709 Content
|
Comments
|
|
Brightness Decrease
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
22 percent
Decrease
Small
Decrease
Very Good
|
Most screens become less bright when
tilted.
OLED decrease is due to optical
absorption.
LCD decrease is generally greater than 50
percent.
|
|
Contrast Ratio at 0 lux
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
Infinite
Contrast Ratio
Outstanding
|
A measure of screen readability when the
screen
is tilted under low ambient lighting.
|
|
White Point Color Shift
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
Small Color
Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0106
2.7 JNCD Very Good
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
|
|
Primary Color Shifts
Largest Color Shift for R,G,B
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
Largest Color Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0249 for Pure Blue
6.2 JNCD Very Good
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
Same Rating Scale as Absolute Color
Accuracy.
|
|
Color Shifts for Color Mixtures
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
Reference Brown (255, 128, 0)
|
Small
Color Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0071
1.8 JNCD Excellent
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
Color Shifts for non-IPS LCDs are about 10
JNCD.
Reference Brown is a good indicator of
color shifts
with angle because of unequal drive
levels and
roughly equal luminance contributions
from Red
and Green. See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
|
|
Display Spectra
The Display Spectra for the iPhone X
including the Night Shift mode are measured in Figure 4 below.
The Night Shift mode is designed to
change the color balance of the display in order to reduce the amount of Blue
Light
produced by the display,
which some recent research indicates can affect how well users sleep
afterwards.
Display Power Consumption
The display power was measured using a Linear
Regression between Luminance and AC Power with a fully charged battery.
While LCDs remain more power efficient for images with
mostly full screen white content (like all text screens on a
white background, for example), OLEDs are more power
efficient for typical mixed image content because they are
emissive displays so their power varies with the
Average Picture Level (average Brightness) of the image content over
the entire screen. For OLEDs, Black pixels and
sub-pixels don’t use any power so screens with Black backgrounds are
very power efficient for OLEDs. For LCDs the display
power is fixed and independent of image content. Currently,
OLED displays are more power
efficient than LCDs for Average Pictures Levels of 65 percent or less, and
LCDs are
more power efficient for
Average Picture Levels above 65 percent. Since both technologies are
continuing to improve
their power efficiencies, the crossover will continue
to change with time.
For OLEDs the Display Power
depends on the Picture Content.
An entirely Black OLED Screen
uses 0 watts of Display Power.
|
Categories
|
iPhone
X
|
Comments
|
|
Average Display Power
Maximum Brightness at
50% Average Picture
Level
|
50%
Average Picture Level
1.75
watts
with 700
cd/m2
12.8 inch2
Screen Area
|
This measures the Average Display
Power for
a typical range of image content.
|
|
Maximum Display Power
Full White Screen
at Maximum Brightness
|
Maximum
Power
Full
Screen White
3.25
watts
with
634 cd/m2
12.8 inch2
Screen Area
|
This measures the Maximum Display
power for
a screen that is entirely Peak White.
|
|
About the Author
Dr. Raymond Soneira is
President of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire,
which produces display calibration, evaluation, and diagnostic products for
consumers, technicians, and manufacturers. See www.displaymate.com. He is a research
scientist with a career that spans physics, computer science, and television
system design. Dr. Soneira obtained his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from
Princeton University, spent 5 years as a Long-Term Member of the world famous
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, another 5 years as a Principal
Investigator in the Computer Systems Research Laboratory at AT&T Bell
Laboratories, and has also designed, tested, and installed color television
broadcast equipment for the CBS Television Network Engineering and Development
Department. He has authored over 35 research articles in scientific journals in
physics and computer science, including Scientific American. If you have any
comments or questions about the article, you can contact him at dtso.info@displaymate.com.
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Article Links: Apple iPhone
7 LCD Display Technology Shoot-Out
Article Links: Samsung
Galaxy Note8 OLED Display Technology Shoot-Out
Article Links: Display
Color Gamuts Shoot-Out NTSC to Rec.2020
Article Links: Absolute
Color Accuracy Display Technology Shoot-Out
Article Links: Watching
Displays at Night
Article Links: Display Technology Shoot-Out
Article Series Overview and Home Page
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