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Smart Watch Display Technology Shoot-Out

Sony SmartWatch 2  –  Samsung Gear 2

Dr. Raymond M. Soneira

President, DisplayMate Technologies Corporation

 

Copyright © 1990-2014 by DisplayMate Technologies Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

This article, or any part thereof, may not be copied, reproduced, mirrored, distributed or incorporated

into any other work without the prior written permission of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation

 

 

Sony SmartWatch 2

Samsung Gear 2

 

Introduction

The flood gates for the next major smart device revolution are opening. And unless you have been living under a rock you already know that this time it’s a smart watch, a long overdue update to what is essentially 19th century wrist watch technology. There are already a fair number of early players in this new category – in this article we’ll examine how well the displays in two second generation smart watches from two top tier manufacturers perform: the Sony SmartWatch 2, with an LCD display, and the Samsung Gear 2, with an OLED display.

 

Smart watches are the next revolution in tech gadgets because a watch should be able to tell you a lot more than just the time. Plus, smartphones are now so important and doing so much that they need a readily assessable and conveniently viewable assistant to help out with all that’s going on in the smartphone – a smart watch is perfect for this and your wrist is prime coveted real-estate. So if you get lots of text messages, Emails, appointment and App alerts, or even voice calls, then a smart watch will be very useful and helpful. It’s no surprise that most of the major mobile tech players are expected to compete in this new category, including (alphabetically) Apple, Google, LG, Motorola, Qualcomm, Samsung, and Sony.

 

The display is clearly the most important and key component in a smart watch…

And most people will expect a smart watch to have a display with quality comparable to their smartphone:

That turns out to be a major challenge for a number of reasons. First, the screen size is only about 1.5 inches, so the display needs a fairly high resolution in pixels per inch in order to provide sharp and easy to read fine text and graphics. It also needs to produce fairly bright images because watches are often viewed in high ambient light. A larger color gamut is also needed to counteract color washout from ambient light, plus vibrant saturated colors are quite helpful when reading screens with text and graphics information. A major challenge is accomplishing all of this with greater than 1 day of battery running time.

 

The Software will be Updated but the Display Can Not:

The software OS, User Interface, and Apps for smart watches are evolving and improving rapidly, so it isn’t necessary to wait for completed and polished software before buying one – but the display cannot be updated so select it very carefully… We won’t be discussing the software here, just the display. You’ll find lots of software and App reviews and articles elsewhere, but we’ll provide an in-depth analysis of smart watch displays that you will find nowhere else.

 

Smart Watch Display Technologies:

Almost all current smartphones use a backlit LCD or an OLED display – both require battery power to generate their light. They will also work in a smart watch provided the display is On only when you need to look at it – just like a smartphone. That can be done with a manual On button, a touchscreen gesture, or by monitoring the motion and position of the watch and then automatically turning the display On when it is moved to a viewing position. That’s how the Samsung Gear 2 OLED display works. Another approach is to use a reflective display, which can use existing ambient light to keep the screen working and visible at all times without a significant power drain – only requiring an internal light in reduced ambient light conditions. Qualcomm’s Mirasol color display works that way (although the Color Gamut is subdued). LCDs can also be manufactured with a pure reflective mode (like traditional LCD wrist watches), or with a combination of both a backlit transmission mode and a reflective mode, which is called a Transflective LCD. That’s how the Sony SmartWatch 2, Pebble, and Pixel Qi displays work.

 

The Display Shoot-Out:

Here we will test the Sony SmartWatch 2 and the new Samsung Gear 2. In the near future we’ll do a Multi-Display Technology Smart Watch Shoot-Out. To examine the performance of the Sony SmartWatch 2 and Samsung Gear 2 displays we ran our in-depth series of Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out Lab tests and measurements in order to determine how the displays performed. We take display quality very seriously and provide in-depth objective analysis based on detailed laboratory tests and measurements and extensive viewing tests with both test patterns, test images and test photos.

 

Overview of the Samsung Gear 2:

The Samsung Gear 2 has a 320x320 pixel 1.63 inch RGB Stripe OLED display, touch screen, accelerometer, gyroscope, home button, 2 MP camera, 4GB memory, microphone, speaker, vibrate function, IR LED to act as remote control, heart rate monitor, charging cradle, and Bluetooth communication. The watch is IP67 Dust and Water Resistant (up to 30 minutes in 1 meter of water). It runs under the Tizen OS and works with the Samsung Galaxy S5, Galaxy S4, Galaxy SIII, Galaxy Note 3 and Galaxy Note 2 Smartphones. The user interface is already fairly nice. Samsung provided DisplayMate Technologies with a production unit to test and analyze for this Display Technology Shoot-Out article.

 

Overview of the Sony SmartWatch 2:

The Sony SmartWatch 2 has a much lower resolution 220x176 pixel 1.60 inch Transflective LCD display, touch screen, home button, Ambient Light Sensor, vibrate function, micro USB charge port, NFC and Bluetooth communication. The watch is IP57 Dust and Water Resistant (up to 30 minutes in 1 meter of water). It works with any smartphone running Android 4.0 or later. The user interface is currently quite primitive, but presumably will improve in future updates and upgrades. We purchased this unit retail.

 

Results Highlights

In this Results section we provide Highlights of the comprehensive Lab tests and measurements and extensive visual comparisons using test photos, test images, and test patterns that are covered in the advanced sections. The Lab Tests and Measurements Comparison Table section summarizes the Lab measurements in the following categories:  Brightness and Contrast with Ambient LightColor Gamut with Ambient LightScreen ReflectionsViewing Angle Variations. You can also skip these Highlights and go directly to the Conclusions.

 

Battery Running Time:

The small size and weight required for a watch means the battery power is strictly limited. The big question is how long will any particular smart watch run on battery before needing recharging (from either AC or a supplementary battery pack). That will vary considerably based on how frequently a consumer uses it, and the particular Apps that are selected – for that reason we did not test the battery running time for this article. Because of the wide range of consumer uses, multiple display technologies will be needed for smart watches. Conserving and efficiently using battery power and extending the running time involves a number of different approaches and compromises for the displays on smart watches, which we discuss below.

 

Display Performance Specs:

The Lab Tests and Measurements Comparison Table has a detailed set of display specs and measurements.

 

Sharpness: A major difference between the two displays is their screen sharpness: the SmartWatch 2 has a 220x176 pixel screen with 176 ppi and 39K total pixels, while the Gear 2 has a 320x320 pixel screen with 278 ppi and 102K total pixels. The SmartWatch 2 screen was visibly coarse and heavily pixelated (even visible in large text) made worse with poor anti-aliasing, plus the small pixel aperture ratio needed for a Transflective LCD makes it much more noticeable. On the other hand the Gear 2 OLED RGB Stripe display was very sharp, even with fine text and graphics.

 

Brightness: Both displays are fairly bright: the SmartWatch 2 has 495 nits while the Gear 2 has 415 nits in Outdoor mode and 296 nits in Standard mode (Level 5). However, at typical viewing angles (discussed below) the Gear 2 is brighter.

 

Color Gamut and Saturation: The Gear 2 has a very wide color gamut, 135 percent of the sRGB / Rec.709 Standard, which I normally don’t like, but on a small 1.6 inch screen the additional color saturation is not objectionable, and actually compensates for the reduction in color saturation caused by ambient light. So under typical ambient light viewing conditions the Gear 2 color gamut is close to 100 percent. The SmartWatch 2 has a 91 percent color gamut, but it falls drastically with ambient light, and the screen is monochrome in reflective mode.

 

Color Depth: In order to reproduce images well a display needs to be able to display a wide range of intensity levels – most good displays provide 256 intensity levels, which is essential when mixing the red, green and blue primaries to produce all of the necessary on-screen colors. The 256 intensity levels produces 24-bit color. The Gear 2 display has excellent 24-bit color. Sony specs the SmartWatch 2 display at 16-bit color, which has only 32-64 intensity levels, which produces noticeable artifacts in images that have a range of intensities. In a small 1.6 inch display that would normally be fine, but our test images shown below indicate only 16 intensity levels, which is 12-bit color – the lowest I have seen in a very long time, and is simply unsatisfactory as shown next…

 

Screen Shots:

A good way to evaluate the display and compare the image and picture quality is with screen shots of a number of test patterns and test photos on each display. We have included three below: a DisplayMate test pattern with smooth white, red, green and blue intensity ramps, a NASA spacecraft photo of a Sunset on Mars, and a Sony Xperia Demo Photo. Note that the images and displays all have varying aspect ratios. The display on the Samsung Gear 2 accurately and nicely reproduced all three images. The display on the Sony SmartWatch 2 produced poor to horrendous versions of the images, with considerable false contouring and related artifacts, which were quite noticeable even on its small 1.6 inch screen, demonstrating some of the display issues that are discussed above and in the Lab Tests and Measurements Comparison Table. While two of these images are challenging, many of Sony’s own set of (soft) demo photos had easily noticeable image artifacts. Even if you are not interested in looking at photos on your smart watch (it’s nice for quickly showing some family photos) these test images demonstrate important display performance issues.

 

Sony SmartWatch 2 Color Intensity Ramps

Samsung Gear 2 Color Intensity Ramps

 

Sony SmartWatch 2 NASA Sunset on Mars

 

Samsung Gear 2 NASA Sunset on Mars

 

Sony SmartWatch 2 with Sony Demo Photo

 

Samsung Gear 2 with Sony Demo Photo

 

 

 

Reflective Displays:

While we are all used to having the time always visible on a mechanical wrist watch, that seems hardly necessary for a smart watch, particularly with motion and gesture sensors to automatically turn on the display when the wrist is moved to a viewing position. The always on reflective displays each involve selective performance compromises such as reduced image contrast, color gamut, viewing angle, resolution, and intensity scale, and slower response time. Using a combination transmissive and reflective LCD seems like a good solution, but it comes with a significant performance penalty in both the backlight transmissive mode and the reflective mode that keeps the always on image visible in moderate ambient light, and in many (but not all) high ambient light situations (see below). It remains to be seen how consumers will respond and decide which compromises are tolerable or necessary, so multiple display technologies will undoubtedly be needed for smart watches..

 

Performance in High Ambient Light:

Smart watches are likely to be used more often in higher overall ambient light than smartphones, so how the screen visibility and readability are affected by ambient light is extremely important. Ambient light washes out the screen colors and image contrast. There are a number of ways to improve display performance in ambient light: the two best known are increasing the screen brightness and reducing the screen reflectance. Another is to use extra saturated primary colors and dynamic image contrast to counteract the image washout. But high ambient light will at some point overpower all emissive displays like LCDs and OLEDs. One additional important viewing strategy that we all do automatically is to adjust the angle and position of our wrist to improve watch visibility, and if necessary also rotate so the watch is in our shadow. That works quite well in most circumstances, except in places like the beach.

 

Reflective displays use an entirely different approach by proportionally reflecting the ambient light, so they have a fixed Contrast Ratio (42 for the SmartWatch 2), and in principle are viewable for any level of ambient light, no matter how high. However, one major enemy for all displays, including reflective displays, are mirror (specular) reflections that overlay the display image with distant images that are reflected by the upper layers of the screen. The only solution is again to vary the angles and positions as mentioned above.

 

In its Outdoor mode the Samsung Gear 2 display was readable and usable even in fairly high 40,000 lux outdoor ambient light, but not in direct sunlight. Its strong saturated primary colors also improve high ambient light readability. The Sony SmartWatch 2 display was also very readable at 40,000 lux and above, and even in direct sunlight in its reflective mode. However, for both watches the mirror reflections mentioned above require the display to be carefully oriented to avoid imaged reflections (including possibly your face). See the Brightness and Contrast with Ambient Light and Color Gamut with Ambient Light sections for details.

 

Performance with Viewing Angle:

Almost all displays and display technologies look best when viewed straight on with a zero degree viewing angle – and that’s how most people try to view their smartphones, tablets, notebooks, monitors, and TVs. However, a watch is attached to your wrist, which can only move in a constrained manner, so most of the time it’s easier, more convenient, and more comfortable to hold it at an intermediate viewing angle like 30 degrees. At that viewing angle the Brightness of most LCDs falls by over 55 percent, and the Contrast Ratio falls even more, by over 75 percent, while OLEDs experience only a 20 percent decrease in both. As a result, the SmartWatch 2 LCD display has a drastic performance decrease at typical viewing angles, but the Gear 2 OLED display experiences only a relatively small one. While the SmartWatch 2 is considerably brighter at 0 degrees, the Gear 2 is brighter and has a much higher Contrast Ratio at typical viewing angles. See the Viewing Angle Variations section for details.

 

Smart Watch Conclusions

The performance differences between the displays in these two top tier second generation smart watches are surprisingly quite large.

 

The OLED display on the Samsung Gear 2 performed very well across the board, almost identically to the most recent Galaxy S OLED Smartphones in almost every test measurement and viewing category. It looked and performed like a small version of a high quality OLED smartphone display – including sharpness, high pixels per inch, brightness, color depth, color gamut, viewing angle, in ambient light, and overall image and picture quality. For details see the Lab Tests and Measurements Comparison Table and also the Screen Shots above.

 

On the other hand, the Transflective LCD display on the Sony SmartWatch 2 was quite disappointing across the board, especially for a 2nd (actually 3rd) generation device. To easily see that examine the mediocre to poor results in the detailed Lab Tests and Measurements Comparison Table and also in the Screen Shots above. In particular, the coarse and heavily pixelated low resolution and low pixels per inch screen made worse with poor anti-aliasing, the very low color depth, the poor color gamut in ambient light, and also the poor viewing angle performance (because watches are not easily positioned for zero degree viewing). Using a combination Transflective LCD comes with a significant performance penalty in both the backlight transmissive mode and the reflective mode that keeps the always on image visible in moderate ambient light and in some but not all high ambient light situations. The choices and compromises made by Sony for the SmartWatch 2 display simply do not work well. The (rumored) upcoming (presumably) LCD smart watches from LG and Apple will undoubtedly perform considerably better…

 

What’s Next…

The early adopters have been enjoying their smart watches for quite some time. The display is clearly the most important and key component in a smart watch, and the current Samsung Gear 2 already has an excellent display. We’ll revisit smart watch displays again soon when the highly anticipated products from Apple, LG, and others arrive. The software OS, User Interface, and Apps for all smart watches will continue to improve rapidly with downloadable updates. It will be really interesting to see what other display technologies and strategies are introduced for smart watches, the consumer responses to them, and how they will evolve over time. We’ll see more reflective, transflective, curved, and bendable smart watch displays in the near future, and also microLED smart watch displays in the not too distant future. There is no doubt that smart watches will be taking over from mechanical wrist watches, and most likely much sooner than most people think…

 

Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table

Below we examine in-depth the displays on the Sony SmartWatch 2 and Samsung Gear 2 smart watches based on objective Lab measurement data and criteria.

 

For details and additional information on all the measurements see our Galaxy S5 Display Technology Shoot-Out article.

For comparisons with the other leading displays including LCDs see our Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out series.

 

Categories

Sony

SmartWatch 2

Samsung

Gear 2

Display Technology

Transflective LCD

Low Pixel Aperture Ratio

Super AMOLED

RGB Stripe

Display Size

1.60 inches Diagonal

1.25 x 1.00 inches

1.63 inches Diagonal

1.15 x 1.15 inches

Display Aspect Ratio

5:4 = 1.25

Landscape

1:1 = 1.00

Square

Display Resolution

220 x 176 pixels

320 x 320 pixels

Total Number of Pixels

38,720 pixels

102,400 pixels

Pixels Per Inch

176 ppi

278 ppi

20/20 Vision Distance

where Pixels are Not Resolved

19.5 inches

12.4 inches

Text and Graphics

Coarse and Visibly Pixelated

Poor Anti-Aliasing

Low Pixel Aperture Ratio

Very Sharp

Display Hardware Color Depth

Contradictory Sony Specs

“16-bit color with 262K Colors”

is either

18-bit color with 262K Colors

16-bit color with   65K Colors

with 32 or 64 Intensity Levels

Samsung Specs

 

24-bit color with 16.8M Colors

256 Intensity Levels

 

 

Photo Viewer Color Depth

12-bit color

16 intensity Levels

4,096 Colors

Severe False Contouring

Visible in Many Images

24-bit color

256 Intensity Levels

16.8 Million Colors

 

 

 

Brightness and Contrast with Ambient Light

At 0 degrees Viewing Angle.

But the typical Viewing Angle for a Watch is actually 30 degrees or more. See below.

Maximum Brightness

495 cd/m2 with Backlight

415 cd/m2 Outdoor Mode

  296 cd/m2 Standard Mode

Black Brightness at 0 lux

at Maximum Brightness

0.52 cd/m2 with Backlight

Dynamic Backlight

0 cd/m2

Contrast Ratio

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

952 with Backlight at 0 lux

Decreases with Ambient Light

Infinite at 0 lux

Decreases with Ambient Light

Contrast Ratio

Measured in Ambient Light

 

 

 

 

 

 

with Backlight

60 at    500 lux

31 at 1,000 lux

16 at 2,000 lux

 

42 in Reflective Mode

Varies with the Light Distribution

 

 

Outdoor Mode

51 at    500 lux

26 at 1,000 lux

13 at 2,000 lux

 

Standard Mode

37 at    500 lux

19 at 1,000 lux

10 at 2,000 lux

 

Color Gamut with Ambient Light

The Image Colors depend on the Ambient Light and Viewing Angle. See below.

Color of White

Color Temperature in degrees

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

 

6,500 K is best for

Photos and Videos

7,446 K with Backlight

Somewhat Too Blue

for Accurate Image Colors

 

Yellowish in Reflective Mode

Depends on the Ambient Light

 

7,539 K

Somewhat Too Blue

for Accurate Image Colors

 

 

 

 

Color Gamut

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

 

 

Most consumer content uses

the sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut

91 percent with Backlight

sRGB / Rec.709

Decreases with Ambient Light

 

Monochrome in Reflective Mode

 

135 percent

sRGB / Rec.709

Decreases with Ambient Light

 

Large for Photos But

OK on a Small Screen

Color Gamut

Measured in Ambient Light

 

 

 

 

 

 

with Backlight

70 percent at    500 lux

56 percent at 1,000 lux

38 percent at 2,000 lux

 

Monochrome in Reflective Mode

 

 

 

Outdoor Mode

120 percent at    500 lux

107 percent at 1,000 lux

  86 percent at 2,000 lux

 

Standard Mode

114 percent at    500 lux

  97 percent at 1,000 lux

  73 percent at 2,000 lux

 

Screen Reflections

The Screen Reflects Ambient Light, which washes of the Image Contrast and Colors.

Average Screen Reflection

Light from All Directions

5.3 percent

Very Good

4.7 percent

Excellent

Mirror Reflections

Percentage of Light Reflected

6.8 percent

Very Good

6.9 percent

Very Good

Contrast Rating for

High Ambient Light

The Higher the Better

93 with Backlight

also has a Reflective Mode

88 Outdoor Mode

63 Standard Mode

 

Viewing Angle Variations

The typical Viewing Angle for a Watch is actually about 30 degrees or more from exactly face on.

 

The Brightness generally decreases, the Black Level generally increases, and the Image Colors Shift.

See this Figure for an explanation and visual definition of JNCD.

Maximum Brightness

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

203 cd/m2 with Backlight

324 cd/m2 Outdoor Mode

  231 cd/m2 Standard Mode

Brightness Decrease

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

59 percent with Backlight

Very Large Decrease

22 percent

Small Decrease

Black Level Increase

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

126 percent with Backlight

Very Large Increase

0 percent

No Change

White Point Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

 

Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0081

2.0 JNCD

Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0077

1.9 JNCD

Color Shifts

Primary Colors and Mixtures

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Large Color Shift

Largest Shift Δ(u’v’) = 0.0515

12.9 JNCD

Medium Color Shift

Largest Shift Δ(u’v’) = 0.0250

6.2 JNCD

 

 

 

About the Author

Dr. Raymond Soneira is President of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire, which produces video calibration, evaluation, and diagnostic products for consumers, technicians, and manufacturers. See www.displaymate.com. He is a research scientist with a career that spans physics, computer science, and television system design. Dr. Soneira obtained his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from Princeton University, spent 5 years as a Long-Term Member of the world famous Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, another 5 years as a Principal Investigator in the Computer Systems Research Laboratory at AT&T Bell Laboratories, and has also designed, tested, and installed color television broadcast equipment for the CBS Television Network Engineering and Development Department. He has authored over 35 research articles in scientific journals in physics and computer science, including Scientific American. If you have any comments or questions about the article, you can contact him at dtso.info@displaymate.com.

 

DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology

All Smartphone and Tablets displays can be significantly improved using DisplayMate’s proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical display modeling and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration, and driver parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, testing displays to meet contract specifications, and production quality control so that manufacturers don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for consumers. This article is a lite version of our advanced scientific analysis – before the benefits of our DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve all of these issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.

 

About DisplayMate Technologies

DisplayMate Technologies specializes in proprietary advanced scientific display calibration and mathematical display optimization to deliver unsurpassed objective performance, picture quality and accuracy for all types of displays including video and computer monitors, projectors, HDTVs, mobile displays such as smartphones and tablets, and all display technologies including LCD, OLED, 3D, LED, LCoS, Plasma, DLP and CRT. This article is a lite version of our intensive scientific analysis of Smartphone and Smartphone mobile displays – before the benefits of our advanced mathematical DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve many of the display deficiencies. We offer DisplayMate display calibration software for consumers and advanced DisplayMate display diagnostic and calibration software for technicians and test labs.

 

For manufacturers we offer Consulting Services that include advanced Lab testing and evaluations, confidential Shoot-Outs with competing products, calibration and optimization for displays, cameras and their User Interface, plus on-site and factory visits. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, and production quality control so they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our Display Technology Shoot-Out series. See our world renown Display Technology Shoot-Out public article series for an introduction and preview. DisplayMate’s advanced scientific optimizations can make lower cost panels look as good or better than more expensive higher performance displays. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to turn your display into a spectacular one to surpass your competition then Contact DisplayMate Technologies to learn more.

 

Article Links:  Mobile Display Shoot-Out Article Series Overview and Home Page

Article Links:  Display Technology Shoot-Out Article Series Overview and Home Page

Article Links:  Display Technology News and Commentary

 

 

Copyright © 1990-2014 by DisplayMate Technologies Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

This article, or any part thereof, may not be copied, reproduced, mirrored, distributed or incorporated

into any other work without the prior written permission of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation

 


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
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