Galaxy Note OLED Display Technology Shoot-Out
Samsung Galaxy Note 4
Galaxy Note Edge
Dr. Raymond M. Soneira
President, DisplayMate Technologies
Corporation
Copyright © 1990-2014 by DisplayMate
Technologies Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
This article, or any part
thereof, may not be copied, reproduced, mirrored, distributed or incorporated
into any other work without
the prior written permission of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation
Introduction
A key element for a great Smartphone has always been a truly innovative
and top performing display, and the best leading edge Smartphones have always
flaunted their beautiful high tech displays. The Galaxy Note and Galaxy S
series are flagship Smartphones for Samsung to show off its latest and greatest
OLED displays and display technology. Samsung has been alternately releasing
one of the models every six months, so there are two OLED generations per year,
each with significant improvements and enhancements. The models then leapfrog
each other in display performance. This series of regular systematic
improvements has resulted in excellent high performance OLED displays.
The new Galaxy Note 4 and Galaxy Note Edge are two versions of the latest Samsung OLED display
technology. Both are also called Phablets because of their larger screen sizes.
The Galaxy Note 4 has a 5.7 inch high resolution Quad HD 2560x1440 pixel
display with 518 pixels per inch on a hard glass substrate – it is a
significantly enhanced version of the display on the Galaxy Note 3. The Galaxy
Note Edge display is similar, but it has an OLED display that is manufactured
on a flexible plastic substrate so that it can bend around the side of the
phone to provide a second display area that can be viewed from both the front
or the side.
Our detailed Lab tests
show that there have been significant display
performance improvements in the new Note models including higher resolution,
higher absolute color accuracy with better calibration, higher peak brightness
with improved screen visibility and readability in high ambient light, and
higher display power efficiency, resulting in a number of new records for
Smartphone display performance. We’ll cover these issues and much more, with
in-depth comprehensive display tests, measurements and analysis that you will
find nowhere else.
Samsung provided DisplayMate Technologies with pre-release production
units of both the Galaxy Note 4 and the Galaxy Note Edge so that we could
perform our well known objective and comprehensive display Lab tests,
measurements, and analysis, explaining the in-depth display performance results
for consumers, reviewers, and journalists. This article will focus primarily on
the Galaxy Note 4, which will launch first, but we have also included a section
with some test results for the Galaxy Note Edge.
The Display Shoot-Out
To examine the
performance of the Galaxy Note OLED Displays we
ran our in-depth series of Mobile
Display Technology Shoot-Out Lab tests and measurements in order to
determine how the latest OLED displays have improved. We take display quality
very seriously and provide in-depth objective analysis based on detailed
laboratory tests and measurements and extensive viewing tests with both test
patterns, test images and test photos. To see how far OLED and LCD mobile
displays have progressed in just four years see our 2010 Smartphone
Display Shoot-Out, and for a real history lesson see our original 2006 Smartphone
Display Shoot-Out.
Results Highlights
In this Results section we provide Highlights of the
comprehensive DisplayMate Lab tests and measurements and extensive visual
comparisons using test photos, test images, and test patterns that are covered
in the advanced sections. The main Display
Shoot-Out Comparison Table summarizes the Galaxy Note 4 Lab measurements in
the following categories: Screen
Reflections, Brightness
and Contrast, Colors
and Intensities, Viewing
Angles, OLED
Spectra, Display
Power. You can also skip these Highlights and go directly to the Galaxy Note Edge Overview, and the Galaxy
Note 4 Conclusions.
Systematically Improving OLED
Displays
What is particularly significant and impressive is that
Samsung has been systematically improving OLED display performance twice a year
with each Galaxy generation since 2010. With the Galaxy Note 4 there are many
significant improvements over the Galaxy Note 3
that we tested a year ago, but also with the Galaxy S5 that
we tested in March, and Galaxy Tab S
that we tested in June. The most impressive improvements for the Galaxy Note 4
are in the pixels per inch and resolution, the Absolute Color Accuracy, Peak
Brightness and screen viewability in High Ambient Light, and display Power
Efficiency, which we discuss in turn below.
2.5K Quad HD 2560x1440
Display
The Galaxy Note 4 has a Quad HD 2560x1440 pixel display,
currently the highest resolution for Smartphones, with 3.7 Mega Pixels, almost
double the number on your HDTV. It provides lots of image detail – it can
display four complete HD 1280x720 images at once. The display has Diamond
Pixels (see below) and Sub-Pixel Rendering with 518 pixels per inch (ppi),
providing significantly higher image sharpness than can be resolved with normal
20/20 Vision at the typical viewing distances of 10 inches or more for
Smartphones, so the display appears perfectly sharp. The Galaxy Note 3 and
Galaxy S5 both have very respectable Full HD 1920x1080 displays with 2.1 Mega
Pixels. At typical viewing distances they also appear perfectly sharp for 20/20
Vision.
However, there are some significant advantages in going
higher than the visual acuity for 20/20 Vision at typical viewing distances.
For Smartphones they include a closer match to digital photo resolutions, the
ability to display Full HD 1920x1080 images with an additional 1.6 Mega Pixels
left over for displaying additional content at the same time, plus efficient
and simple rescaling (with small integer ratios) of various HD and Quad screen
resolution formats to improve processing efficiency and resulting picture
quality.
In addition, if you really want (or need) to take
advantage of the extra fine display sharpness and resolution above normal 20/20
Vision, you can. If you study and stare at the image on the screen, move it
closer and move it around, you’ll be able to make out considerably more fine
image detail because you are building an integrated visual map of the image in
your brain. So, when you are looking at an image with very finely detailed
graphics and small text, most people with reasonably good vision will be able
to make out and take advantage of the extra sharpness and image detail if they
take the time to do so. See our 2014 Innovative
Displays and Display Technology article for more details.
Multiple Screen Modes and
Color Management
Most Smartphones and Tablets only provide a single fixed
factory display Color Gamut and color calibration, with no way for the user to
alter it based on personal preferences, running applications, or Ambient Light
levels. An important capability provided by the OLED Galaxy Smartphones and the
new Galaxy Tab S Tablets is the implementation of Color Management that
provides a number of Screen Modes, each with different Color Gamuts and levels
of user selectable color saturation and display calibration based on user and
application preferences. Color Management with multiple
and varying Color Gamuts are a very useful and important state-of-the-art
capability that all displays will need to provide in the future. The
Galaxy Note 4 has four user selectable Screen Modes: Adaptive Display, AMOLED
Photo, AMOLED Cinema, and the Basic Screen Mode, which matches the Standard
sRGB/Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used for virtually all current consumer
content. See this Figure
for the Color Gamuts of the different tested Screen Modes and the Colors
and Intensities section for measurements and details. We discuss each of
the tested Screen Modes next…
Adaptive Display Mode with a
Wide Color Gamut
The Adaptive Display screen mode provides real-time
adaptive processing to dynamically adjust images and videos – for some
applications it will vary the White Point, Color Gamut, and Color Saturation
based on the image content and the color of the surrounding ambient lighting
measured by the Ambient Light Sensor (which measures color in addition to
brightness). The Adaptive Display mode also delivers significantly higher color
saturation, with 130 percent of the Standard sRGB/Rec.709 Color Gamut, among
the highest that we have ever measured for Smartphones and Tablets. Some people
like the extra saturated vibrant colors, plus it is useful for special
applications, and for viewing the display in medium to high levels of ambient
light, because it offsets some of the reflected light glare that washes out the
on-screen image colors.
AMOLED Photo Mode with an
Adobe RGB Color Gamut
Most high-end digital cameras have an option to use the
Adobe RGB Color Gamut, which is 17 percent larger than the Standard
sRGB/Rec.709 Color Gamut used in consumer cameras. The AMOLED Photo screen mode
on the Galaxy Note 4 provides a very accurate calibration to the Adobe RGB
standard, which is rarely available in consumers displays, and is very useful
for high-end digital photography and other advanced imaging applications. The
measured Absolute Color Accuracy of the AMOLED Photo screen mode for the Galaxy
Note 4 is 1.6 JNCD, which is impressively accurate. See this Figure for an explanation
and visual definition of JNCD and the Color Accuracy Plots
showing the measured display Color Errors. There are very few consumer displays
that can accurately reproduce Adobe RGB, so this is a significant plus for
serious photography enthusiasts. See the Color
Accuracy section and the Color
Accuracy Plots for measurements and details.
Basic Mode with the Standard sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut
The Basic screen mode provides a very accurate Color and
White Point calibration for the Standard sRGB/Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used
in virtually all current consumer content for digital cameras, HDTVs, the
internet, and computers, including photos, videos, and movies. The Color Gamut
of the Basic screen mode is very accurate, with a nearly perfect 101 percent of
the Standard sRGB/Rec.709 Color Gamut. Even better, the Absolute Color Accuracy
for the Basic screen mode is an impressive 1.5 JNCD, the most color accurate
display that we have ever measured for a Smartphone or Tablet, which is
visually indistinguishable from perfect, and is very likely considerably better
than your living room TV. See this Figure for an explanation
and visual definition of JNCD and the Color Accuracy Plots
showing the measured display Color Errors, and also this regarding Bogus Color Accuracy
Measurements.
Use the Basic screen mode for the best color and image
accuracy, which is especially important when viewing photos from family and
friends (because you often know exactly what they actually should look like),
for some TV shows, movies, and sporting events with image content and colors
that you are familiar with, and also for viewing online merchandise, so you
have a very good idea of exactly what colors you are buying and are less likely
to return them. See the Color
Accuracy section and the Color
Accuracy Plots for measurements and details.
Screen Brightness and
Performance in High Ambient Lighting
Mobile displays are often used under relatively bright
ambient light, which washes out the image colors and contrast, reducing picture
quality and making it harder to view or read the screen. To be usable in high
ambient light a display needs a dual combination of high screen Brightness and
low screen Reflectance – the Galaxy Note 4 has both. For most image content the
Galaxy Note 4 provides over 400 cd/m2 (Luminance, which is a measure
of Brightness sometimes called nits), comparable or higher than most LCD
displays in this size class. Its Screen Reflectance is 4.8 percent, close to
the lowest that we have ever measured. Our Contrast
Rating for High Ambient Light quantitatively measures screen visibility
under bright Ambient Light – the higher the better. As a result of its high
Brightness and low Reflectance, the Galaxy Note 4 has a Contrast Rating for
High Ambient Light that ranges from 71 to 93, among the highest that we have
ever measured.
More importantly, on
the Galaxy Note 4 the Maximum Brightness can go much higher when Automatic Brightness is turned On, so that users
can’t permanently park the Manual Brightness slider to very high values, which
would run down the battery quickly. High screen
Brightness is only needed for High Ambient Light, so turning Automatic
Brightness On will provide better high ambient light screen visibility and also
longer battery running time.
When Automatic Brightness
is turned On, the Galaxy Note 4 reaches an impressive 750 cd/m2 in
High Ambient Light, where high Brightness is really needed – it is the
brightest mobile display that we have ever tested. As a result of its high
Brightness and low Reflectance, the Galaxy Note 4 has a Contrast Rating for
High Ambient Light that ranges from 100 to156, the highest that we have ever
measured for any mobile display. See the Brightness
and Contrast, the High
Ambient Light and the Screen
Reflections sections for measurements and details.
Super Dimming Mode
The Galaxy Note 4 also has a Super Dimming Mode that
allows the Maximum Screen Brightness to be set all the way down to just 2 cd/m2
(nits) using the Brightness Slider. This is useful for working comfortably
without eye strain or bothering others in very dark environments, or affecting
the eye’s dark adaptation, such as when using a telescope. The display still
delivers full 24-bit color and the picture quality remains excellent.
Diamond Pixels
A high
resolution screen shot (provided by Samsung) shows an interesting design
and sub-pixel arrangement for the Galaxy Note 4, which Samsung calls Diamond Pixels.
First of all, the Red, Green, and Blue sub-pixels have very different sizes –
Blue is by far the largest because it has the lowest efficiency, and Green is
by far the smallest because it has the highest efficiency. The alternating Red
and Blue sub-pixel arrangement leads to a 45 degree diagonal symmetry in the
sub-pixel layout. This allows vertical, horizontal, and particularly diagonal
line segments and vectors to be drawn with reduced aliasing and artifacts. In
order to maximize the sub-pixel packing and achieve the highest possible pixels
per inch (ppi), that leads to diamond rather than square or stripe shaped Red
and Blue sub-pixels. But not for the Green sub-pixels, which are oval shaped
because they are squeezed between two much larger and different sized Red and
Blue sub-pixels. It’s a form of high-tech display art…
Display Power Efficiency
With each successive generation Samsung has been
systematically improving the power efficiency of their OLED displays. We
measured a 14 percent improvement in display power efficiency between the
Galaxy Note 3 and the Note 4, which is especially impressive given that the
Note 4 has almost double the number of pixels and therefore much higher
processing overhead. The Galaxy Note 4 also has an Ultra Power Saving Mode that
lowers the Screen Brightness and also sets the background to Black, both of
which significantly reduce display power and can double the running time on
battery. See the Display
Power section for measurements and details.
Viewing Angle Performance
While Smartphones are
primarily single viewer devices, the variation in display performance with
viewing angle is still very important because single viewers frequently hold
the display at a variety of viewing angles. The angle is often up to 30
degrees, more if it is resting on a table or desk. While LCDs typically
experience a 55 percent or greater decrease in Brightness at a 30 degree
Viewing Angle, the OLED Galaxy Note 4 display shows a much smaller 19 percent
decrease in Brightness at 30 degrees. This also applies to multiple
side-by-side viewers as well, and is a significant advantage of OLED displays.
The Color Shifts with Viewing Angle are also relatively small. See the Viewing
Angles section for measurements and details.
Viewing Tests
The Galaxy Note 4 Basic screen mode provides very nice,
pleasing and accurate colors, and picture quality. Although the Image Contrast
is slightly too high (due to a slightly too steep Intensity Scale), the very
challenging set of DisplayMate Test and Calibration Photos that we use to
evaluate picture quality looked Beautiful, even
to my experienced hyper-critical eyes. The Basic screen mode is recommended for
indoor and low ambient light viewing of most standard consumer content for
digital camera, HDTV, internet, and computer content, including photos, videos,
and movies. The Adaptive Display screen mode has significantly more vibrant and
saturated colors. Some people like that. It is also recommended for viewing in
medium to high levels of ambient light because it offsets some of the reflected
light glare that washes out the images.
Galaxy Note Edge Overview
Along
with the Galaxy Note 4 that we tested in-depth for this article, Samsung also
introduced a second model called the Galaxy Note Edge, which has a very innovative curved OLED
display that extends all the way around to the entire right side edge of the
phone. The curved Edge provides a second separately configurable display area
that can be viewed from both the front or the side. It provides a new space for
displaying and interacting with widgets, apps, menus, controls, icons,
favorites, social media, notifications, stock tickers, and news feeds. You can
set up and customize up to 7 configurable Edge panels and then scroll through them
as if they are on a rotating cylinder by swiping your finger right or left on
the curved edge. The Edge screen provides an important new UI User Interface
enhancement. You can pack a lot of easily accessible information there. It’s
quite functional and useful, and even fun cycling through the Edge screens.
Edge aware apps like the camera can place their controls and functions on the
Edge, where they don’t interfere with whatever is on the main screen. When the
main screen is off you can still see messages and other alerts on the Edge
screen. There is even a night clock that will dimly show the time all night
long on the Edge screen.
Samsung
provided us with a pre-production Galaxy Note Edge for preliminary testing.
Once the final firmware and software are available for the Note Edge we may
publish our complete in-depth display tests and measurements – until then here
is an overview of the Galaxy Note Edge and its display technology.
The
Note Edge has a single 2560x1600 OLED display with 540 ppi that is configured
as two displays using software, with 2560x1440 for the main front screen, the
same as the Galaxy Note 4, and then 2560x160 for the Edge screen, which is
about 0.30 inches (0.75 cm) wide, enough for a single column (or row) of icons
and functions. Since the pixels on OLED displays are all powered independently,
the main and Edge screens can be either turned on and off together or
separately. Monitoring with just the Edge screen turned on significantly
reduces display power and can significantly extend the running time on battery.
The
Galaxy Note Edge is actually a flexible OLED display manufactured on a flexible
plastic substrate rather than on a hard glass substrate like almost all other
OLED (and LCD) displays. This allows the display itself to bend, but it is then
placed underneath a hard Gorilla Glass 3 cover for protection and to maintain
its desired shape, which for the Note Edge is curved along the entire right
side edge. It is similar to the curved screen
Galaxy Round that we tested in 2013, where we showed that its slight
concave screen curvature significantly reduces ambient light reflections, which
then significantly improves screen readability in high ambient light. The
Galaxy Round is a curved screen version of the Galaxy Note 3, so it’s nice to
see the Galaxy Edge as a curved screen version of the Galaxy Note 4.
Galaxy Note Edge Conclusions
What
is especially news worthy and significant is that the performance of the OLED
display on a flexible plastic substrate for the Galaxy Note Edge is now
essentially the same as on a traditional glass substrate for the Galaxy Note 4,
even at 500+ pixels per inch and 2560x1600 resolution. The most important point
is that curved and flexible displays are definitely the wave of the future
because they offer many important visual and functional advantages for both
mobile displays and TVs as explained in our 2014
Innovative Displays and Display Technology article. Follow DisplayMate on Twitter to learn
about our Galaxy Note and upcoming display technology coverage.
Galaxy Note 4 Conclusions: An Impressive
Smartphone and Phablet Display…
The primary goal of this Display Technology Shoot-Out
article series has always been to point out which manufactures and display
technologies are leading and advancing the state-of-the-art of displays by
performing comprehensive and objective Lab tests and measurements together with
in-depth analysis. We point out who is leading, who is behind, who is
improving, and sometimes (unfortunately) who is back pedaling… all based solely
on the extensive objective measurements that we also publish, so that everyone
can judge the data for themselves as well… See the main Display
Shoot-Out Comparison Table for all of the measurements and details.
OLED Display Evolution
What is particularly significant and impressive is that
Samsung has been systematically improving OLED display performance with every
Galaxy generation since 2010, when we started tracking OLED
displays. The first notable OLED Smartphone, the Google
Nexus One, came in decidedly last place in our 2010 Smartphone
Display Shoot-Out. In a span of just four years OLED display technology is
now challenging and even exceeding the performance of the best LCDs. The Galaxy
Note 4 continues this impressive systematic improvement in OLED displays and
technology.
Best Smartphone Display
With the Galaxy Note 4 there are many significant
improvements over the Galaxy Note 3
that we tested a year ago, but also with the Galaxy S5 that
we tested in March, and the Galaxy Tab S
that we tested in June. The most impressive improvements are in the pixels per
inch and resolution, the Absolute Color Accuracy, Peak Brightness and screen
readability in High Ambient Light, and display Power Efficiency. See the main Display
Shoot-Out Comparison Table for all of the measurements and details.
Based on our extensive
Lab tests and measurements, the Galaxy Note 4 is the
Best performing Smartphone display that we have ever tested. It matches
or breaks new records in Smartphone display performance for: Highest Absolute
Color Accuracy, Highest Screen Resolution, Infinite Contrast Ratio, Highest
Peak Brightness, Highest Contrast Rating in Ambient Light, and the smallest
Brightness Variation with Viewing Angle. Its Color
Management capability provides multiple Color Gamuts – a major advantage that
is not currently provided by any of the other leading Smartphones. The
Galaxy Note 4 delivers uniformly consistent all around Top Tier display
performance: it is the first Smartphone display to ever get all Green (Very
Good to Excellent) Ratings in all test and measurement categories (except one
Yellow for a Brightness Variation with Average Picture Level) since we started
the Display Technology Shoot-Out article Series in 2006, an impressive achievement
for a display. The Galaxy Note 4 has again raised the
bar for top display performance up by another notch.
Multiple Screen Modes and Color Management
Most
Smartphones only provide a single fixed factory display color calibration, with
no way for the user to alter it based on personal preferences, running
applications, or ambient light levels. Samsung has implemented Color Management
for their OLED Smartphones and Tablets allowing them to provide multiple Screen
Modes with different Color Gamuts and color calibrations – other Smartphones
only provide a single fixed screen Color Gamut and calibration. Color Management with multiple and varying Color Gamuts are a
very useful and important state-of-the-art capability that all displays will
need to provide in the future – see the Next
Generation of Mobile Displays section below.
Most Accurate Colors
The Galaxy Note 4 Basic screen mode has the most accurate
colors for Standard (sRGB/Rec.709) consumer content of any Smartphone or Tablet
display that we have ever measured. See our Absolute Color Accuracy
Results and also this regarding Bogus Color Accuracy
Measurements. The measured Absolute Color Error for the Galaxy Note 4 is
just 1.5 JNCD, which is visually indistinguishable from perfect, and is very
likely considerably better than your living room TV. Color Accuracy is
especially important when viewing photos from family and friends (because you
often know exactly what they actually should look like), for some TV shows,
movies, and sporting events with image content and colors that you are familiar
with, and also for viewing online merchandise, so you have a very good idea of
exactly what colors you are buying and are less likely to return them.
Adobe RGB AMOLED Photo Mode
Most high-end digital cameras have an option to use the
Adobe RGB Color Gamut, which is 17 percent larger than the standard
sRGB/Rec.709 Color Gamut used in consumer cameras. The AMOLED Photo screen mode
on the Galaxy Note 4 provides a very accurate 1.6 JNCD calibration to the Adobe
RGB standard, which is rarely available in consumer displays. It is very useful
for viewing high-end digital photos and other advanced imaging applications.
This is a significant plus for serious photography enthusiasts.
Adaptive Display Wide Color
Gamuts
The OLED display’s native Wide Color Gamut in the
Adaptive Display screen mode has significantly more vibrant and saturated colors,
with 130 percent of the standard sRGB/Rec.709 Color Gamut, among the highest
that we have ever measured for Smartphones and Tablets. Some people like the
extra saturated vibrant colors, plus it is useful for special applications and
is recommended for viewing in medium to high levels of ambient light because it
offsets some of the reflected light glare that washes out the on-screen image
colors.
Display Power Efficiency
With each successive generation Samsung has been
systematically improving the power efficiency of their OLED displays. We
measured an impressive 14 percent improvement in display power efficiency
between the Galaxy Note 3 and Note 4. While LCDs remain more power efficient
for images with mostly white content (like text screens), the Galaxy Note 4 is
40 percent more power efficient than the Full HD LCD
Smartphones we tested with mixed image content (that includes photos,
videos, and movies, for example) with a typical 50 percent Average Picture
Level, APL. If this keeps up then OLEDs may pull ahead of LCDs in total power
efficiency in the near future… See the Display
Power section for measurements and details.
Improvements for the Next
Generation of Mobile Displays
The most important improvements for both OLED and LCD
mobile displays will come from improving their image and picture quality and
screen readability in ambient light, which washes out the screen images,
resulting in reduced image contrast, color saturation, and color accuracy. The
key will be in implementing automatic real-time modification of the display’s
Color Gamut and Intensity Scales based the measured Ambient Light level in
order to have them compensate for the reflected light glare and image wash out
from ambient light as discussed in our 2014
Innovative Displays and Display Technology and SID
Display Technology Shoot-Out articles. The
displays, technologies, and manufacturers that succeed in implementing this new
high ambient light performance strategy will take the lead in the next
generations of mobile displays…
DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology
All
Smartphone and Tablet displays can be significantly improved using
DisplayMate’s proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical
display modeling and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration,
and driver parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement,
prototype development, testing displays to meet contract specifications, and
production quality control so that they don’t make mistakes similar to those
that are exposed in our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for
consumers. This article is a lite version of our advanced scientific analysis –
before the benefits of our DisplayMate
Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve all of these
issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly
improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.
Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table
Below we
examine in-depth the OLED display on the Samsung
Galaxy Note 4 based on objective Lab
measurement data and criteria. For comparisons and additional background
information see the Galaxy Note 3
Display Technology Shoot-Out, the Galaxy S5 Display
Technology Shoot-Out, and the OLED Tablet
Display Technology Shoot-Out. For comparisons with the other leading
Smartphone, Tablet and Smart Watch displays see our Mobile Display Technology
Shoot-Out series.
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Categories
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Samsung
Galaxy Note 4
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Comments
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Display Technology
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5.7 inch
OLED with Diamond Pixels
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Organic Light Emitting Diode
Diamond Pixels
with Diagonal Sub-Pixel Symmetry
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Screen Shape
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16:9 =
1.78
Aspect
Ratio
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The Galaxy Note 4 has the same shape as
widescreen HDTV video content.
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Screen Area
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13.7
Square Inches
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A better measure of size than the
diagonal length.
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Display Resolution
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2560 x
1440 pixels
2.5K Quad
HD
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Screen Pixel Resolution.
Quad HD can display four 1280x720 HD
images
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Total Number of Pixels
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3.7
Mega Pixels
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Total Number of Pixels.
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Pixels Per Inch
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518 PPI
with Diamond Pixels
Excellent
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Sharpness depends on the viewing distance
and PPI.
See this on
the visual acuity for a true Retina Display
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Sub-Pixels Per Inch
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Red
366 SPPI
Green 518
SPPI
Blue
366 SPPI
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Diamond Pixel displays have only half the
number of
Red and Blue Sub-Pixels as standard RGB
displays.
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Total Number of Sub-Pixels
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Red 1.8
Million Sub-Pixels
Green 3.7
Million Sub-Pixels
Blue 1.8
Million Sub-Pixels
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Number of Mega Sub-Pixels for Red,
Green, Blue.
Diamond Pixel displays have only half the
number of
Red and Blue Sub-Pixels as standard RGB
displays.
At High PPI this is generally not visible
due to the
use of Sub-Pixel Rendering.
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20/20 Vision Distance
where Pixels or Sub-Pixels
are Not Resolved
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6.6
inches for White and Green Sub-Pixels with 20/20 Vision
9.4
inches for Red and Blue Sub-Pixels with 20/20 Vision
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For 20/20 Vision the minimum Viewing
Distance
where the screen appears perfectly sharp
to the eye.
At 10 inches from the screen 20/20 Vision
is 344 PPI.
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Display Sharpness
at Typical Viewing Distances
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Display
appears Perfectly Sharp
Pixels are
not Resolved with 20/20 Vision
at Typical
Viewing Distances of
10 to 18
inches
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The Typical Viewing Distances for this
screen size
are in the range of 10 to 18 inches.
Also note that eye’s resolution is much
lower for
Red and Blue color content than White
and Green.
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Appears Perfectly Sharp
at Typical Viewing Distances
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Yes
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Typical Viewing Distances are 10 to 18
inches
for this screen size.
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Photo Viewer Color Depth
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Full
24-bit Color
No
Dithering Visible
256
Intensity Levels
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Many Android Smartphones and Tablets still
have some form of
16-bit color depth in the Gallery Viewer.
The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 does not have
this issue.
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Overall Assessments
This section summarizes
the results for all of the extensive Lab Measurements and Viewing Tests
performed on the display
See Screen
Reflections, Brightness
and Contrast, Colors
and Intensities, Viewing
Angles, OLED
Spectra, Display
Power.
The
Galaxy Note 4 has four user selectable Screen Modes that are calibrated for different applications and user
preferences.
Here
we provide results for the Adaptive Display mode, which is a dynamic Wide
Color Gamut mode, the AMOLED Photo mode,
which
is calibrated for the Adobe RGB Gamut used in high-end digital photography
and other advanced imaging applications, and
the
Basic screen mode, which is calibrated for
the sRGB/Rec.709 Standard that is used for most consumer camera,
photo, video,
movie, web, and
computers.
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Categories
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Adaptive
Display
Wide Color
Gamut
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AMOLED
Photo mode
Adobe RGB
Gamut
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Basic mode
sRGB/Rec.709
Gamut
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Comments
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Viewing Tests
in Subdued Ambient Lighting
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Very Good
Images
Photos and
Videos
have Vivid
Color
and
Accurate Contrast
Wide Color
Gamut Mode
Intentionally
Vivid Colors
|
Very Good
Images
Adobe RGB
Photos
have
Excellent Color
and
Accurate Contrast
Accurate
Pro Photo Mode
|
Very Good
Images
Photos and
Videos
have
Excellent Color
and
Accurate Contrast
Accurate
Std Mode
|
The Viewing Tests examine the accuracy
of
photographic images by comparing the
displays
to an calibrated studio monitor and
HDTV.
|
|
Variation with Viewing Angle
Colors and Brightness
See Viewing
Angles
|
Small
Color Shifts
with
Viewing Angle
Small
Brightness Shift
with
Viewing Angle
|
Small
Color Shifts
with
Viewing Angle
Small
Brightness Shift
with
Viewing Angle
|
Small
Color Shifts
with
Viewing Angle
Small
Brightness Shift
with
Viewing Angle
|
The Galaxy Note 4 display has a
relatively small
decrease in Brightness with Viewing
Angle and
relatively small Color Shifts with
Viewing Angle.
See the Viewing
Angles
section for details.
|
|
Overall Display Assessment
Lab Tests and Measurements
|
Excellent OLED Display
Wide Color
Gamut Mode
|
Excellent OLED Display
Accurate
Pro Photo Mode
|
Excellent OLED Display
Accurate
Std Mode
|
The Galaxy Note 4 OLED Display performed
very well in the Lab Tests and
Measurements.
|
|
|
|
Absolute Color Accuracy
Measured over Entire Gamut
See Figure 2 and Colors
|
Good
Color Accuracy
Colors
More Saturated
Wide Color
Gamut Mode
|
Excellent
Color Accuracy
Color
Errors are Small
Accurate
Pro Photo Mode
|
Excellent
Color Accuracy
Color
Errors are Small
Accurate
Std Mode
|
Absolute
Color Accuracy is measured with a
Spectroradiometer
for 21 Reference Colors
uniformly
distributed within the entire Color Gamut.
See
Figure 2 and Colors
and Intensities for details.
|
|
Image Contrast Accuracy
See Figure 3 and Contrast
|
Very Good
Accuracy
Image
Contrast
Slightly
Too High
|
Very Good
Accuracy
Image
Contrast
Slightly
Too High
|
Very Good
Accuracy
Image
Contrast
Slightly
Too High
|
The
Image Contrast Accuracy is determined by
measuring
the Log Intensity Scale and Gamma.
See
Figure 3 and Brightness
and Contrast for details.
|
|
Performance in Ambient Light
Display Brightness
Screen Reflectance
Contrast Rating
See Brightness
and Contrast
See Screen
Reflections
|
High Display
Brightness
Very Low
Reflectance
High
Contrast Rating
Higher
Brightness with
Auto
Brightness On
|
High
Display Brightness
Very Low
Reflectance
High
Contrast Rating
Higher
Brightness with
Auto
Brightness On
|
High
Display Brightness
Very Low
Reflectance
High
Contrast Rating
Higher
Brightness with
Auto
Brightness On
|
Smartphones
are seldom used in the dark.
Screen
Brightness and Reflectance determine
the
Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light.
See
the Brightness
and Contrast section for details.
See
the Screen
Reflections section for details.
|
|
Overall Display Calibration
Image and Picture Quality
Lab Tests and Viewing Tests
|
Vivid Saturated Colors
Wide Color
Gamut Mode
|
Excellent Calibration
Accurate
Pro Photo Mode
|
Excellent Calibration
Accurate
Std Mode
|
Galaxy Note 4 display has multiple Screen
Modes
that delivers accurately calibrated
colors and images
and a Wide Color Gamut Mode that is
preferred by
some users and for some applications.
|
|
|
Overall Display Grade
Overall
Assessment
|
Overall Galaxy Note 4 Display
Grade is Excellent A
The Best Performing Smartphone or
Phablet Display that we have ever tested.
|
The Galaxy Note 4 display delivers
excellent
image quality, has both Color Accurate and
Wide Color Gamut Vivid Color modes, has
high Screen Brightness and low
Reflectance,
has good Viewing Angles, and is an all
around
top performing Smartphone display.
|
|
Wide Color Gamut Mode
Also Best
for Viewing in
High
Ambient Light
|
Accurate
Pro Photo Mode
For Viewing
High-End
Adobe RGB
Photos
|
Accurate
Std Mode
For Viewing
Most Content
Photo Video
Movie Web
|
|
|
Adaptive
Display
Wide Color
Gamut
|
AMOLED
Photo mode
Adobe RGB
Gamut
|
Basic mode
sRGB/Rec.709
Gamut
|
Comments
|
|
Screen Reflections
All display screens are mirrors good enough to use
for personal grooming – but that is actually a very bad feature…
We measured the light reflected from all directions
and also direct mirror (specular) reflections, which are much more
distracting and cause more eye strain. Many
Smartphones still have greater than 10 percent reflections that make the
screen much harder to read even in moderate ambient
light levels, requiring ever higher brightness settings that waste
precious battery power. Hopefully manufacturers
will reduce the mirror reflections with anti-reflection coatings and
matte or haze surface finishes.
Our Lab Measurements include Average Reflectance
for Ambient Light from All Directions and for Mirror Reflections.
Note that the Screen Reflectance is exactly the
same for all of the Screen Modes.
|
Categories
|
Galaxy
Note 4
|
Comments
|
|
Average Screen Reflection
Light From All Directions
|
4.8 percent
for
Ambient Light Reflections
Excellent
|
Measured using an Integrating Hemisphere
and
a Spectroradiometer. The best value we
have
ever measured for a Smartphone is 4.4
percent.
|
|
Mirror Reflections
Percentage of Light Reflected
|
6.6 percent
for Mirror Reflections
Very Good
|
These are the most annoying types of
Reflections.
Measured using a Spectroradiometer and a
narrow
collimated pencil beam of light
reflected off the screen.
|
|
Brightness and Contrast
The Contrast Ratio
is the specification that gets the most attention, but it only applies for
low ambient light, which is seldom
the case for mobile displays. Much more important
is the Contrast Rating, which indicates how
easy it is to read the screen
under high ambient lighting and depends on both
the Maximum Brightness and the Screen Reflectance. The larger the better.
|
Categories
|
Adaptive
Display
Wide Color
Gamut
|
AMOLED
Photo mode
Adobe RGB
Gamut
|
Basic mode
sRGB/Rec.709
Gamut
|
Comments
|
|
Measured Average Brightness
50% Average Picture Level
|
Brightness
382 cd/m2
Very Good
|
Brightness
367 cd/m2
Very Good
|
Brightness
368 cd/m2
Very Good
|
This is the Brightness for typical
screen content
that has a 50% Average Picture Level.
|
|
Measured Full Brightness
100% Full Screen White
|
Brightness
350 cd/m2
Very Good
|
Brightness
340 cd/m2
Very Good
|
Brightness
341 cd/m2
Very Good
|
This is the Brightness for a screen that
is entirely
all white with 100% Average Picture
Level.
|
|
Measured Peak Brightness
1% Full Screen White
|
Brightness
445 cd/m2
Excellent
|
Brightness
424 cd/m2
Excellent
|
Brightness
424 cd/m2
Excellent
|
This is the Peak Brightness for a screen
that
has only a tiny 1% Average Picture
Level.
|
|
Measured Auto Brightness
in High Ambient Light
with Automatic Brightness On
|
Brightness
478 – 750
cd/m2
Excellent
|
Brightness
478 – 750
cd/m2
Excellent
|
Brightness
478 – 750
cd/m2
Excellent
|
Some displays including the Galaxy Note
4 have
higher Brightness in Automatic
Brightness Mode.
|
|
Low Ambient Light
|
|
Lowest Peak Brightness
Super Dimming Mode
Brightness Slider to Minimum
|
2 cd/m2
For Very
Low Light
|
2 cd/m2
For Very
Low Light
|
2 cd/m2
For Very
Low Light
|
This is the Lowest Brightness with the
Slider set to
Minimum. This is useful for working in
very dark
environments. Picture Quality remained
Excellent.
|
|
Black Brightness at 0 lux
at Maximum Brightness Setting
|
0 cd/m2
Outstanding
|
0 cd/m2
Outstanding
|
0 cd/m2
Outstanding
|
Black brightness is important for low
ambient light,
which is seldom the case for mobile
devices.
|
|
Contrast Ratio at 0 lux
Relevant for Low Ambient Light
|
Infinite
Outstanding
|
Infinite
Outstanding
|
Infinite
Outstanding
|
Only relevant for Low Ambient Light,
which is seldom the case for mobile
devices.
|
|
High Ambient Light
|
|
Contrast Rating
for High Ambient Light
The Higher the Better
for Screen Readability
in High Ambient Light
|
73 – 93
Very Good
100 – 156
With Auto
Brightness
Excellent
|
71 – 88
Very Good
100 – 156
With Auto
Brightness
Excellent
|
71 – 88
Very Good
100 – 156
With Auto
Brightness
Excellent
|
Depends on the Screen Reflectance and
Brightness.
Defined as Maximum Brightness / Average Reflectance.
Some displays including the Galaxy Note 4 have
higher Brightness in Automatic Brightness Mode.
|
|
Screen Readability
in High Ambient Light
|
Very Good A
Excellent
A+
With Auto Brightness
|
Very Good A
Excellent A+
With Auto Brightness
|
Very Good A
Excellent A+
With Auto Brightness
|
Indicates how easy it is to read the
screen
under high ambient lighting. Depends on
both the Screen Reflectance and
Brightness.
See High
Ambient Light Screen Shots
|
|
Colors and Intensities
The Color Gamut, Intensity Scale, and White Point
determine the quality and accuracy of all displayed images and all
the image colors. Bigger is definitely Not Better
because the display needs to match all the standards that were used
when the content was produced. For LCDs a wider
Color Gamut reduces the power efficiency and the Intensity Scale
affects both image brightness and color mixture
accuracy.
The Galaxy Note 4 Screen Modes are
calibrated for different applications and user preferences.
|
Categories
|
Adaptive
Display
Wide Color
Gamut
|
AMOLED
Photo mode
Adobe RGB
Gamut
|
Basic mode
sRGB/Rec.709
Gamut
|
Comments
|
|
Color of White
Color Temperature in degrees
Measured in the dark at 0 lux
See Figure 1
|
7,395 K
2.3 JNCD
from D65 White
White is
Somewhat Bluish
Intentionally
Bluish Mode
For Some
Applications
the White
Point Will Vary
with the
Ambient Lighting
|
6,562 K
0.2 JNCD
from D65 White
Very Close
to Standard
Accurate
Pro Photo Mode
See Figure 1
|
6,564 K
0.2 JNCD
from D65 White
Very Close
to Standard
Accurate
Std Mode
See Figure 1
|
D65 with 6,500 K is the standard color
of White
for most Consumer Content and needed for
accurate color reproduction of all
images.
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 1
for the plotted White Points.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
|
|
Color Gamut
Measured in the dark at 0 lux
See Figure 1
|
130
percent
sRGB /
Rec.709
Intentionally
Vivid Colors
Wide Color
Gamut Mode
See Figure 1
|
99 percent
Adobe RGB
Very Close
to Standard
Accurate
Pro Photo Mode
See Figure 1
|
101
percent
sRGB /
Rec.709
Very Close
to Standard
Accurate
Std Mode
See Figure 1
|
sRGB / Rec.709 is the color standard for most
content and needed for accurate color
reproduction.
Many advanced digital cameras use Adobe
RGB.
A Wide Color Gamut is useful in High
Ambient Light
and for some applications. It can be used
with Color
Management to dynamically change the
Gamut.
|
|
Color Accuracy
|
|
Absolute Color Accuracy
Average Color Error at 0 lux
For 21 Reference Colors
Just Noticeable Color Difference
See Figure 2
|
Average
Color Shift
From
sRGB/Rec.709
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0275
6.5 JNCD
Intentionally
Vivid Colors
Wide Color
Gamut Mode
See Figure 2
|
Average
Color Error
From Adobe
RGB
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0066
1.6 JNCD
Excellent
Accuracy
Accurate
Pro Photo Mode
See Figure 2
|
Average
Color Error
From
sRGB/Rec.709
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0060
1.5 JNCD
Excellent
Accuracy
Accurate
Std Mode
See Figure 2
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD and for
Accuracy Plots showing
the measured Color Errors.
Average Errors below 3.5 JNCD are Very
Good.
Average Errors 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are
Good.
Average Errors above 7.0 JNCD are
Poor.
|
|
Absolute Color Accuracy
Largest Color Error at 0 lux
For 21 Reference Colors
Just Noticeable Color Difference
See Figure 2
|
Largest Color Shift
From
sRGB/Rec.709
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0556
13.9 JNCD
for Cyan-Blue
Intentionally
Vivid Colors
Wide Color
Gamut Mode
See Figure 2
|
Largest Color Error
From Adobe
RGB
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0198
5.0 JNCD
for Cyan-Blue
Very Good
Accuracy
Accurate
Pro Photo Mode
See Figure 2
|
Largest Color Error
From
sRGB/Rec.709
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0182
4.6 JNCD
for Cyan-Blue
Very Good
Accuracy
Accurate
Std Mode
See Figure 2
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD and for
Accuracy Plots showing
the measured Color Errors.
Largest Errors below 7.0 JNCD are
Very Good.
Largest Errors 7.0 to 14.0 JNCD are
Good.
Largest Errors above 14.0 JNCD are
Poor.
This is twice the limit for the Average
Error.
|
|
Intensity Scale
|
|
Dynamic Brightness
Luminance Decrease with
Average Picture Level APL
|
21 percent
Decrease
Good
|
20 percent
Decrease
Good
|
20 percent
Decrease
Good
|
This is the percent Brightness decrease
with APL
Average Picture Level. Ideally should be
0 percent.
|
|
Intensity Scale and
Image Contrast
See Figure 3
|
Smooth and
Straight
Very Good
Slightly
Too Steep
See Figure 3
|
Smooth and
Straight
Very Good
Slightly
Too Steep
See Figure 3
|
Smooth and
Straight
Very Good
Slightly
Too Steep
See Figure 3
|
The Intensity Scale controls image
contrast needed
for accurate Image Contrast and Color
reproduction.
See Figure 3
|
|
Gamma for the Intensity Scale
Larger has more Image Contrast
See Figure 3
|
2.35
Very Good
Gamma
Slightly Too High
|
2.35
Very Good
Gamma
Slightly Too High
|
2.35
Very Good
Gamma
Slightly Too High
|
Gamma is the log slope of the Intensity
Scale.
Gamma of 2.20 is the standard and needed
for
accurate Image Contrast and Color
reproduction.
See Figure 3
|
|
Image Contrast Accuracy
|
Very Good
|
Very Good
|
Very Good
|
See Figure 3
|
|
Viewing Angles
The variation of
Brightness, Contrast, and Color with Viewing Angle is especially important
for Smartphones because
of their larger screen
and multiple viewers. The typical manufacturer 176+ degree specification for
LCD Viewing Angle
is nonsense because that
is where the Contrast Ratio falls to a miniscule 10. For most LCDs there are
substantial
degradations at less
than ±30 degrees, which is not an atypical Viewing Angle for Smartphones and
Tablets.
Note that the Viewing
Angle performance is also very important for a single viewer because the
Viewing Angle can vary
significantly based on
how the Smartphone is held. The Viewing Angle can be very large if resting on
a table or desk.
The
Viewing Angle variations are essentially identical for all of the Screen
Modes.
|
Categories
|
Adaptive
Display
Wide Color
Gamut
|
AMOLED
Photo mode
Adobe RGB
Gamut
|
Basic mode
sRGB/Rec.709
Gamut
|
Comments
|
|
Brightness Decrease
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
19
percent Decrease
Small
Decrease
Very Good
|
Most screens become less bright when
tilted.
OLED decrease is due to optical
absorption.
LCD decrease is generally greater than 50
percent.
|
|
Contrast Ratio at 0 lux
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
Infinite
Contrast Ratio
Outstanding
|
A measure of screen readability when the
screen
is tilted under low ambient lighting.
|
|
White Point Color Shift
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
Small
Color Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0068
1.7 JNCD Excellent
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
|
|
Primary Color Shifts
Largest Color Shift for R,G,B
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
|
Largest Color Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0265 for Pure Red
6.6 JNCD Very Good
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
Same Rating Scale as Absolute Color Accuracy.
|
|
Color Shifts for Color Mixtures
at a 30 degree Viewing Angle
Reference Brown (255, 128, 0)
|
Small
Color Shift
Δ(u’v’)
= 0.0115
2.9 JNCD Very Good
|
JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.
Color Shifts for non-IPS LCDs are about 10
JNCD.
Reference Brown is a good indicator of
color shifts
with angle because of unequal drive
levels and
roughly equal luminance contributions
from Red
and Green. See Figure 2 for the
definition of JNCD.
|
|
Display Power Consumption
The display power was measured using a Linear
Regression between Luminance and AC Power with a fully charged battery.
Since the displays all have different screen sizes
and maximum brightness, the values were also scaled to the
same screen brightness (Luminance) and same screen
area in order to compare their Relative Power Efficiencies.
LCDs are typically more power efficient for images with
mostly white content (like text screens, for example), while OLEDs
are more power efficient for mixed image content
because they are emissive displays so their power varies with the
Average Picture Level (average Brightness) of the image
content. For LCDs the display power is independent of image content.
Below we compare the Relative Display
Power Efficiencies of the Galaxy Note 4 with the Galaxy Note 3 and LCD
Smartphones.
Comparison with the Galaxy Note 3:
The Galaxy Note 4 is 14 percent more
power efficient than the Galaxy Note 3. This is due primarily to a 19 percent
improvement
in the power efficiency of the Green
Primary channel (materials and electronics). The results are scaled for the same
Luminance.
Comparison with LCDs:
While LCDs remain more power efficient for images with
mostly white content (like text screens, for example), OLEDs are now
more power efficient for mixed image content because
they are emissive displays so their power varies with the Average Picture
Level (average Brightness) of the image content. For
LCDs the display power is independent of image content. OLEDs have
been rapidly improving in their power efficiency. In
fact, the Galaxy Note 4 is 40 percent more power efficient than the
Full HD LCD
Smartphones we tested for mixed image content (that includes photos,
videos, and movies, for example)
with a typical 50 percent Average Picture Level, APL.
|
|
Categories
|
Galaxy
Note 3
|
Galaxy
Note 4
|
Comments
|
|
Average Display Power
Maximum Brightness at
50% Average Picture Level
|
0.90 watts
394 cd/m2
|
0.85 watts
382 cd/m2
|
This measures the average display power
for
a wide range of image content.
|
|
Maximum Display Power
Full White Screen
at Maximum Brightness
|
2.00 watts
341 cd/m2
|
1.80 watts
350 cd/m2
|
This measures the display power for a
screen
that is entirely Peak White.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
About the Author
Dr. Raymond Soneira is
President of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire,
which produces display calibration, evaluation, and diagnostic products for
consumers, technicians, and manufacturers. See www.displaymate.com. He is a research
scientist with a career that spans physics, computer science, and television
system design. Dr. Soneira obtained his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from
Princeton University, spent 5 years as a Long-Term Member of the world famous
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, another 5 years as a Principal
Investigator in the Computer Systems Research Laboratory at AT&T Bell
Laboratories, and has also designed, tested, and installed color television
broadcast equipment for the CBS Television Network Engineering and Development
Department. He has authored over 35 research articles in scientific journals in
physics and computer science, including Scientific American. If you have any
comments or questions about the article, you can contact him at dtso.info@displaymate.com.
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issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly
improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.
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DisplayMate Technologies specializes in proprietary advanced
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displays such as smartphones and tablets, and all display technologies
including LCD, OLED, 3D, LED, LCoS, Plasma, DLP and CRT. This article is a lite version of
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– before the benefits of our advanced mathematical DisplayMate Display Optimization
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Article Links: Galaxy
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Article Links: Galaxy S5
OLED Display Technology Shoot-Out
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