2014 Innovative Displays and
Display Technologies
Smartphones, Tablets, TVs, and Wearable Displays
Dr. Raymond M. Soneira
President, DisplayMate Technologies Corporation
Copyright © 1990-2014 by DisplayMate
Technologies Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
This article, or any part
thereof, may not be copied, reproduced, mirrored, distributed or incorporated
into any other work without
the prior written permission of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation
Introduction
In
this article we’ll cover the major innovative display and display technology
developments, predictions and trends that you’ll see during 2014 for
Smartphones, Tablets, TVs, and Wearable displays.
Starting
in 2010 when Apple made the Retina Display and display quality a central theme
for their product marketing, displays have moved up from the doldrums into an
unprecedented renaissance of new display technologies for Smartphones, Tablets,
TVs, and entirely new classes of products like wearable displays. That approach
impressed consumers and moved the entire display industry. But Apple has
recently given up the lead in displays – now Amazon, Google, LG, and Samsung
are launching products with the best and most innovative displays as documented
in our in-depth Display Technology
Shoot-Out article series. The new iPad mini Retina Display, for example,
came in a distant third place finish in a recent Display Shoot-Out
article. Hopefully Apple will join the leaders again with new and
innovative displays in 2014…
Up
through 2012 the increases in screen size, resolution, and pixels per inch
(ppi) were at the forefront of new displays. In 2013 we witnessed the
introduction of Quantum Dots and Curved Displays – two of the most innovative
display technology developments in a decade along with OLEDs. In addition there
are continuing developments in color gamuts and color accuracy, higher
resolutions and ppi, brighter and low reflectance displays for better screen
visibility in bright ambient light, and many continuing enhancements for both
LCDs and OLEDs that we will discuss below.
The topics we cover include:
2014 Display Technologies: Quantum Dots, Curved and Flexible Displays, Full and Wide Color Gamut Displays, Improved Absolute Color Accuracy and Picture Quality,
4K UHD and High Resolution High PPI Displays, Very Bright Low Reflectance High Ambient Light Displays,
LTPS and IGZO, OLEDs and LCDs.
2014 Display Products: TVs, Tablets,
Smartphones, Wearable Displays.
2014 Display Technologies
The current trends for
improving the color gamut and color accuracy, increasing the resolution and
pixels per inch, reducing screen reflections and increasing display brightness
for better performance in ambient light will accelerate in 2014 due to new
technologies and increased competition.
Quantum Dots
Quantum
Dots provide an amazing super high technology performance enhancement for LCDs
through a unique application of Quantum Physics. By incorporating them within
the Backlight the LCDs then produce highly saturated primary colors that are
similar to those produced by OLED displays, plus they also improve the
brightness and power efficiency at the same time. Instead of using existing
White LEDs (which have yellow phosphors) that produce a broad light spectrum
that makes it hard to efficiently produce saturated colors, Quantum Dots
directly convert the light from Blue LEDs into highly saturated narrow band
primary colors for LCDs. And the icing on the cake is that their colors are
precisely tunable during manufacture, which means they can produce the exact
colors needed for high image and picture color accuracy. This eliminates the
lopsided Color Gamuts and White Point errors that are present in most existing
displays. You can compare the remarkable difference in their light spectra in Figure 1
below (click to enlarge for details).
Quantum
Dots are going to revolutionize and reenergize LCDs for the next 5+ years.
While they have been under development for many years, in 2013 they made it out
of the labs and into consumer products: in some models of Sony Bravia TVs, with
Quantum Dots from QD Vision, and in the
Amazon Kindle Fire HDX 7, with Quantum Dots from Nanosys, which we recently tested in a Display
Shoot-Out article. In 2014, there will be many new LCD Smartphones,
Tablets, and TVs with Quantum Dots, as manufacturers rush to stay competitive,
but note that many of these products will not mention Quantum Dots in their
marketing…
Curved and Flexible Displays
A few Smartphones and TVs with curved screen displays
were launched in 2013. But they are not simply marketing gimmicks as has been
widely reported (because LG and Samsung failed to explain their benefits – so
we did). In fact, curved (concave) screens are a major and very important new
display technology innovation because they substantially improve display
performance by significantly reducing and sometimes eliminating reflections
from ambient light sources that washout the on-screen images. That not only
improves screen readability and image quality by reducing the interference from
light reflections but also allows the displays to run at lower brightness,
which increases the power efficiency and battery running time for mobile
devices.
In
two recent Shoot-Out articles we analyzed in-depth the curved Samsung Galaxy
Round Smartphone and the curved LG OLED TV to
identify how the curvature improves display performance. It’s important to note
that the curvature is small and subtle – the edges of the screen are just 0.10
inches higher than the center for the 5.7 inch Galaxy Round, and just 1.4
inches for the 55 inch LG TV. That is just the right amount to significantly
improve image quality when watching in ambient light, but they are not so
heavily curved as to provide a panoramic visual surround or interfere with
viewing off axis (as many reviewers have suggested). The subtle TV curvature
improves off axis side viewing because the curvature reduces the keystone
(trapezoidal) image distortion and foreshortening seen with flat screens by as
much as 50 percent – but it’s overlooked as normal because people are used to
seeing it. Most curved displays use OLED technology, although there are also
some curved LCDs.
As
a result of these performance enhancements, more products will be developed
with curved screens, but the shipment levels in 2014 will remain low due to
limited production capacity. However, these innovative curved screen products
could also stall in the marketplace because consumers don’t yet appreciate
their significance…
Flexible and Bendable Displays: the Galaxy Round is actually made with a
flexible OLED display that is placed under a fixed curved cover glass. In our Shoot-Out
article we also tested the same display without the cover glass as a free
standing flexible display (like a flag attached to a flag pole that is bendable
in any direction, but not foldable). It performed even better than the fixed
curve Galaxy Round, but products with free standing flexible displays are
unlikely to arrive before sometime in 2015. What will undoubtedly appear in
2014 are smart watches with flexible curved displays and bendable displays that
are bent around corners in order to provide views in multiple directions.
Full and Wide Color Gamut
Displays
Up
until recently, most LCDs had only 55 to 65 percent of the Standard
sRGB/Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used in producing virtually all current
consumer content – resulting in subdued colors in images, videos, and photos.
This limitation results from the traditional reduction in brightness and power
efficiency as the Color Gamut is increased (which can now be overcome using
Quantum Dots). Most leading LCDs now have Color Gamuts greater than 85%, with
the best close to 100%. The most notable laggards in 2013 were the iPad mini Retina
Display and Microsoft
Surface 2, both with just 63 percent of the Standard Gamut. Quantum Dots
mentioned above will play a major role in improving the Color Gamut of LCDs.
Note that the sometimes referenced NTSC Gamut is long since obsolete and
totally irrelevant, so please stop mentioning it…
Displays
advertised with Wide Color Gamuts greater than 100 percent of the Standard
sRGB/Rec.709 cannot show colors that are not in the original image content so
they instead produce distorted oversaturated colors. OLEDs currently have wide
native Color Gamuts around 130 percent, but leading OLEDs like the Samsung Galaxy S4
and Galaxy
Note 3 now include modes with advanced Color Management that reduces the
native Gamut to approximately 100 percent and deliver accurate on-screen image
colors.
Extra Wide Color Gamuts: There is, however, a very important major advantage
for displays with extra Wide Color Gamuts much greater than 100 percent because
Ambient Light washes out the on-screen image colors – and displays are almost
never watched in absolute darkness. So with real-time Color Management that
accurately adjusts the Color Gamut to values greater than 100 percent based on
the current measured level of Ambient Light can then compensate for the
reduction in color saturation, and produce accurate on-screen colors in Ambient
Light, which we will discuss below.
Improved Absolute Color Accuracy and Picture Quality
Picture quality, color fidelity and accuracy have been
steadily getting better due to improved display technology, advanced signal
processing, automated factory calibration, and increased competition. Our
series of Display Shoot-Out
lab tests and measurements show that the very best Smartphones, Tablets, and
TVs are now comparable in accuracy to professional studio monitors. With good
accuracy you’ll see high fidelity presentations of your digital photos, which
is especially important because you often know exactly what everything should
actually look like. Another advantage is that online merchandise will appear
with accurate colors, so you’ll have a good idea of exactly what you’re buying
and are less likely to return it. Potential downsides include on-screen food
that will make you particularly hungry, and you will undoubtedly watch more
shows, movies, and downloaded content when they all look great.
If you’ve ever wondered why some colors are way off on a
display – there are many contributing factors and causes including the Color
Gamut, the calibrated White Point, the Intensity Scale, and possibly poorly
implemented dynamic picture processing and Color Management. It’s possible to
accurately measure and map the absolute color accuracy and color errors for any
display by using a spectroradiometer and proprietary test patterns, which we do
in our Display Technology
Shoot-Out article series. We provide both the Average and Maximum Color
Errors in terms of Just Noticeable Color Differences (JNCD), and include a full
Chromaticity Color Accuracy map, which is shown in Figure 2 below
(click to enlarge for details).
In 2013, the most accurate display we measured was the LG OLED TV,
with an Average Absolute Color Error of just 1.3 JNCD, which is visually
indistinguishable from perfect. Figure 2 has
Absolute Color Accuracy plots for the Kindle Fire HDX 7 and Google Nexus 7, and
also clearly shows the much larger Color Errors for the Apple iPad mini Retina
Display. In 2014 we expect to see major improvements in Absolute Color Accuracy
resulting from Quantum Dots and improved Color Management processing.
4K UHD and High Resolution High PPI Displays
Selling
higher resolutions has always worked well – from Standard Definition 720x480 to
High Definition 1920x1080 TVs, 8+ Mega Pixel digital cameras, Apple Retina
Displays and competing 326+ ppi Smartphones and 264+ ppi Tablets. Now we’re
seeing mobile displays with 450+ ppi and 4K Ultra High Definition UHD TVs with
3840x2160 resolutions and above. But, can
you actually see the enhanced sharpness and resolution on a Smartphone or
4K UHD TV? The above article explains the many issues that come into play…
There
is a limit to the visual acuity of the human eye – while a small percentage
have better than 20/20 Vision, most people actually have less than 20/20
Vision. As a result there is a useful upper limit for display resolution and
ppi – exceeding it doesn’t make practical sense because there isn’t any visual
benefit and the display performance often decreases (and total device costs
often increase significantly). So is there a good case for 450+ ppi Smartphones
and 4K UHD TVs?
Smartphones: If you hold a 450 ppi Smartphone up really close (about 7.5
inches) you’ll be able to see all of the image detail if you have 20/20 Vision,
but to resolve even higher ppi you would have to hold it even closer, which is
not likely in general use. So based on 20/20 visual acuity alone the practical
upper limit for a Smartphone is about 450 ppi. But there are a number of other
advantages for moving up much higher than 450 ppi that we will discuss in the Smartphones section below.
TVs: For 4K UHD TVs the question is will you actually be able to see
a visual improvement in image sharpness and detail over a 1920x1080 HDTV? For
20/20 Vision if you have a 40 inch TV you’ll need to be watching from closer
than 5.2 feet to see an improvement, a 50 inch TV closer than 6.5 feet, a 60
inch TV closer than 7.8 feet, a 70 inch TV closer than 9.1 feet, and an 80 inch
TV closer than 10.4 feet. In the USA the average viewing distance for a TV is about
9 feet – for 20/20 Vision at this viewing distance you should have a screen
larger than about 70 inches. To see all of the image detail on a 4K UHD TV with
20/20 Vision you would need to watch from half of the above distances. So the
larger the TV and the closer the viewing distance the better the case for 4K
UHD – based on 20/20 visual acuity alone, TVs 80 inches and above are best for
4K UHD, while 40 inches and below don’t make sense (unless it’s a computer
monitor because they are generally viewed at 2.5 feet or less). But there are a
number of other advantages for moving up to 4K UHD that we will discuss in the TV section below.
Very
Bright Low Reflectance High Ambient Light Displays
The screens on all displays
are mirrors that reflect light from everything that is illuminated anywhere in
front of them, including lamps, ceiling lights, windows, direct and indirect
indoor and outdoor sunlight, which washes out the on-screen colors, degrades
image contrast, and interferes with seeing the on-screen images. See Figure
3 below and this Shoot-Out
article, which have screen shots of many displays in up to 40,000 lux of
ambient light to show how the on-screen colors and image contrast degrade.
One good way to counter the
effects of ambient light is by reducing the screen Reflectance, which has been
steadily decreasing – in 2013 we measured a record low of 4.4 percent (down
from 8 to 15 percent in 2011). Another method is by increasing the display
brightness – in 2013 we measured a record high of 684 cd/m2 (up from
300 to 450 cd/m2 in 2011). These will both continue to improve in
2014.
But
there are other more advanced methods to improve display performance in ambient
light that we’ll be seeing in 2014. One is to use a display with a slightly
curved (concave) screen that reduces reflections as mentioned above. Another is
by using an Ambient
Light Sensor to accurately adjust the screen brightness – most current
implementations are close to
useless but they are getting better. The most advanced method is to also
use the Ambient Light Sensor to accurately vary the display’s Color Gamut and
Intensity Scale to compensate for the washed out images resulting from ambient
light reflecting off the screen. See Figure
4 above
and this Shoot-Out
article. In 2014 some displays may include all of these methods…
LTPS and IGZO
All LCD and OLED displays
have an internal Backplane layer that has the electronic circuitry needed to
control the millions of sub-pixels. Its performance is especially critical in
high ppi displays. While most LCD displays still use amorphous Silicon (a-Si),
many high ppi LCDs use Low Temperature Polysilicon (LTPS), which has
considerably higher electron mobility than a-Si, which allows the circuitry to
be made much smaller. That results in significantly higher brightness and
improved power efficiency, but also costs considerably more to manufacture.
Most
high performance Smartphone displays now use LTPS, including the iPhone 5 and
all mobile OLEDs (except flexibles). But most LCD Tablets, monitors and TVs
still use a-Si because their larger screens would cost considerably more to
manufacture using LTPS. An alternative Backplane technology called IGZO (Indium
Gallium Zinc Oxide), which has higher performance than a-Si, but lower cost
(and performance) than LTPS, was supposed to be available in 2012 for Tablets,
monitors, and TVs, but major production problems have significantly delayed and
limited its availability in 2013. This will continue through 2014 as Sharp is the
only major manufacturer that is beginning to ship IGZO displays.
As
a result, the two highest performance Tablet displays that we recently tested,
the Amazon Kindle
Fire HDX 8.9 and Google
Nexus 7, were the early adopters of LTPS for Tablets, while the latest
iPads still rely on lower performance a-Si and IGZO, which limits their
brightness, Color Gamut, and power efficiency. For 2014, the continued problems
with IGZO will benefit both LTPS and the much higher performance Metal Oxide
Backplanes now under development by CBRITE,
which should begin arriving by late 2014.
OLEDs
Since their
initial rollout in 2010, OLED displays have been improving at a very impressive
rate, with 20 percent or more year-to-year improvements in brightness, color
management, color accuracy, resolution and ppi, and power efficiency, which we
have documented in our in-depth OLED Shoot-Outs for the Samsung
Galaxy S123, Galaxy
S4, and Galaxy
Note 3. OLEDs are also incredibly thin, just fractions of a milli-meter,
which is a major advantage in mobile displays and especially for wearable
displays (which also benefit from being curved and flexible). In 2013 both LG
and Samsung launched curved 55 inch OLED
TVs (with IGZO and LTPS respectively) and Smartphones with curved and
flexible OLED displays (on flexible plastic substrates). For 2014 there
will be further year-to-year improvements as above, plus many more larger,
curved, and bendable/flexible OLED mobile and TV displays, including OLED
Tablets and smart watches. The remaining major challenges for OLEDs are
reducing production costs and increasing production capacities.
LCDs
In 2014 the
most significant development for high-end LCDs will be the increased adoption
of Quantum Dots by many more manufacturers, which will improve the Color Gamut,
Color Accuracy, display power efficiency, brightness and/or the running time on
battery for mobile displays. Improved Backlights and optical films for the LCD
panels will also increase brightness, viewing angles, and power efficiency.
Greater competition will result in a continued shift to higher performance LTPS
Backplanes and to panels with In Plane Switching (IPS), Fringe Field Switching
(FFS), and Plane to Line Switching (PLS) that deliver excellent color and image
contrast over wide ranges in viewing angle. And there are also a few curved LCD
TVs, including an impressive and interesting model with a bendable screen from
Samsung that will ship sometime in 2014.
2014 Display Products
Below
we discuss how the 2014 Display Technologies will play out in TVs, Tablets,
Smartphones, and Wearable Display products.
TVs
A major
industry push for moving TVs up to 4K UHD started in earnest in 2013 and will
continue building throughout 2014 and beyond. The biggest problem is that there
is almost no 4K UHD consumer content available yet, so watching Full HD
1920x1080 content on a 4K UHD TV still only produces a 1920x1080 image on a
3840x2160 display because up-scaling cannot provide new additional image detail
that is not already present in the original image. That will start to change in
2014 as some 4K streaming content will become available, and there is work on a
4K Blu-ray standard, but disc production is unlikely to begin before sometime
in 2015. So in addition to streaming 4K content, UHD TVs can show high
resolution digital photos, plus Smart TV and computer generated content with
high resolution text and graphics, which will look really nice at 4K
resolutions. Another nice application is watching 4 Full HD 1920x1080 programs
at the same time, including browsing the web while watching TV. Picture quality
is likely to be better due to superior panels and signal processing – including
when watching regular 1920x1080 content. Be sure to see the 4K UHD section for information on visual acuity, screen size, and
viewing distance.
There is
a lot more going on with TVs than just 4K resolution:
We’ve
already discussed Quantum Dots
and Curved Screens. For 2014 there is a strong
push for very large TV screens, from 80 up to 120 inches so far. Another 2014
push is for very wide screens with Aspect Ratios of 21:9, which nicely
accommodate movies that typically have Aspect Ratios from 1.85 to 2.39 – so no
letterboxing necessary. Other emerging topics include Wide Color Gamuts
(Rec.2020) and High Dynamic Range displays and content. Be sure to
see the OLED and LCD sections
for additional information on TVs.
Tablets
While 2013
included a major shift to smaller 7-8 inch Tablet displays from the first
generation full size 9-10 inch displays, 2014 will include 12-13 inch Tablet
displays for the professional and education markets. Samsung has already
announced a 12.2 inch TabPRO and Apple is rumored to be producing a 12.9 inch
iPad. The screen resolution and ppi are also increasing, with high-end Android
Tablets moving up to 2560x1600 or Quad HD at 2560x1440 with 300-340 ppi based
on screen size, and current Apple iPads at 2048x1536 with 264-326 ppi. However,
a 12.9 inch iPad would only have 198 ppi, so for a Retina Display another
higher resolution jump up to perhaps 4K 4096x3072 with 398 ppi seems likely.
Also
expected in 2014 are some high resolution OLED Tablets and many more LCD
Tablets with LTPS Backplanes and Quantum Dots that will deliver very bright and
Wide Color Gamut images as mentioned above. Tablet High Ambient Light
performance will also continue improving, with the 2013 record holders Amazon Kindle Fire HDX
8.9 with a very low 5.0 percent screen Reflectance, and the Nokia Lumia
2520 with a very bright 684 cd/m2 display.
Smartphones
Screen
size, resolution, and ppi will continue increasing for Smartphone displays in
2014. While the screen sizes are creeping up, the maximum screen size is
unlikely to exceed the current record holders of 6.1 inches for the Huawei
Ascend Mate and 6.3 inches for the Samsung Galaxy Mega. Expect more curved
screen displays and many more displays with Quantum Dots that will deliver very
bright and Wide Color Gamut images as mentioned above.
In 2013 a
number of Smartphones moved up to Full HD 1920x1080 5-6 inch displays with 400
to 468 ppi, including six that we tested with in-depth Shoot-Outs for an LG
LCD Display, for HTC Huawei and Sony
LCD Displays, for the Samsung Galaxy S4
OLED Display, and the Galaxy Note 3 OLED
Display.
For 2014,
both enhanced technology and enhanced competition are pushing Smartphone
resolutions up to Quad HD at 2560x1440. LG is expected to announced their
flagship G3 Smartphone with a 5.5 inch Quad HD IPS LCD with 538 ppi, and
Samsung is expected to announce their flagship Galaxy S5 Smartphone with a 5.25
inch Quad HD Diamond
Pixel OLED Display with 560 ppi. As with TVs there are some advantages in
going higher than the visual acuity for 20/20 Vision at typical viewing
distances. For Smartphones they include a closer match to digital photo
resolutions, the ability to display Full HD 1920x1080 images with an additional
1.6 Mega Pixels left over for displaying additional content at the same time,
plus efficient and simple rescaling with small integer ratios of various HD and
Quad screen resolution formats to improve processing efficiency and resulting
picture quality.
Smartphone
High Ambient Light performance will also continue improving, with the 2013
record holders Samsung
Galaxy S4 with a very low 4.4 percent screen Reflectance, and the Samsung Galaxy
Note 3 with a very bright 660 cd/m2 display.
Wearable Displays
The new frontier for
displays are wearable. They are primarily variations on wrist mounted smart
watches, but also include eyewear like the Google Glass. For smart watches the
display is the key and a major new challenge because they need to be very
small, very thin, and have major power constraints to maintain a greater than 1
day battery running time, yet they must deliver bright images in very high
ambient light. As expected, most existing smart watches have around 1.6 inch
displays. But what is especially interesting is the variety of display
technologies that are already in play, including a surprise appearance of
Qualcomm’s Mirasol, a unique color reflective display technology that has been
in limbo for a while. Many of the displays are Transflective, meaning they can
transmit a Backlight or reflect surrounding ambient light, which saves power
and improves screen visibility and readability in high ambient light.
The
notable existing smart watches include a traditional Transflective LCD (Sony
SmartWatch 2, 220x176 with 176 ppi and 16-bit color), a black and white
Transflective memory LCD that is being called e-paper (Pebble, 144x168 with 176
ppi and 1-bit color), a reflective color Mirasol display (Qualcomm Toq, 288x192
with 223 ppi), and a color OLED (Samsung Galaxy Gear, 320x320 with 278 ppi and
24-bit color).
Pluses and Minuses: All of the reflective displays are always on,
readable in sunlight, and include a backlight for when it’s dark. OLED displays
are normally off but turn on automatically with a wrist movement, and have
better response time and viewing angle performance than the other displays.
LCDs are more power efficient, but currently are flat and thicker, while OLEDs
are much thinner and are now curved and flexible. Surprisingly, none of the
displays include an Ambient Light Sensor for Automatic
Brightness control, which could improve the battery running time
significantly.
What’s Next: Not surprisingly, there are rumors that the upcoming
Samsung Galaxy Gear 2, expected in March or April of 2014, will feature an
innovative curved and flexible high ppi OLED display. The one display technology
that is conspicuously absent from smart watches is Pixel Qi, which are LCDs
that have a reflective black and white mode that is viewable in direct sunlight
and also a full color mode using a Backlight. A good guess is that Google might
introduce a smart watch based on Pixel Qi display technology…
This article
is produced and published by DisplayMate
Technologies.
About the Author
Dr. Raymond Soneira is
President of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire,
which produces video calibration, evaluation, and diagnostic products for
consumers, technicians, and manufacturers. See www.displaymate.com. He is a research
scientist with a career that spans physics, computer science, and television
system design. Dr. Soneira obtained his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from
Princeton University, spent 5 years as a Long-Term Member of the world famous
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, another 5 years as a Principal
Investigator in the Computer Systems Research Laboratory at AT&T Bell
Laboratories, and has also designed, tested, and installed color television
broadcast equipment for the CBS Television Network Engineering and Development
Department. He has authored over 35 research articles in scientific journals in
physics and computer science, including Scientific American. If you have any
comments or questions about the article, you can contact him at dtso.info@displaymate.com.
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